Astrophysical Quark Matter

Abstract

The quark matter may have great implications in astrophysical studies, which could appear in the early Universe, in compact stars, and/or as cosmic rays. After a general review of astrophysical quark matter, the density-dominated quark matter is focused.

Muon Bundles as a Sign of Strangelets from the Universe

“…The idea of SQM originated some time ago in Terazawa (1979); Witten (1984); Farhi & Jaffe (1984); Alcock & Farhi (1985), but it remains alive, cf. Madsen (1999); Alford (2009); Weber (2005); Xu (2005); Klingenberg (2001); Terazawa (2015Terazawa ( , 2016 1 . In short, the basic, commonly accepted view is that that SQM (understood as a combination of roughly an equal number of up, down and strange quarks) might be the true ground state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD).…”

Epitaxial Growth of Chalcopyrite-Type CuInS2 Films on GaAs(001) Substrates by Evaporation Method with Elemental Sources

“…One of the most important phase transitions of the universe is the Quark Gluan Plasma (QGP)→ hadron gas transition (called quark-hadron phase transition) when the cosmic temperature was T ∼ 200 MeV (Xu 2005).…”

Shallow Decay Phase of the Early X-Ray Afterglow from External Shock in a Wind Environment

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8]). For the shallow decay phase, Nousek et al [1] and Zhang et al [3] supposed that they come from late energy re-injection; Toma et al [4] proposed a special jet profile; Zou and Dai [7] and Xu and Huang [9] thought that they may be tail emissions from a slow ring-like jet; Fan and Piran [10] and Kong et al [11] considered the possibility of tuning the microphysical parameters; Toma et al [4] suggested that summation of many different directed mini-jets may produce shallow decay radiation; Ghisellini et al [12] suggested a late internal shock emission model; Yamazaki 2009 [13] and Liang et al [14] suggested that by shifting the starting time to ∼10 3 s ahead, the shallow decay becomes normal decay automatically. In this Letter we propose an alternative explanation, that the external shock (in a wind environment) [15−18] before the deceleration time produces the shallow decay phase of early x-ray emission.…”