“…The spectra shown in Figure 2 demonstrated that the V 10 is stable in the growth media, which is consistent with studies in yeast media reported previously (Willsky et al, 1984a , 1985 ). The data shown in Figure 2 demonstrated that at pH 2, the V 10 forms complexes with citrate but as the pH increased to near neutral pH, V 10 did not form such products with growth media components (Ehde et al, 1989 ; Zhou et al, 1999 ; Crans, 2000 ; Kaliva et al, 2002 , 2003 ; Chen et al, 2007 , 2014 ; Lodyga-Chruscinska et al, 2008 ). In contrast, when V 10 is converted to the oxovanadates or V 1 is the starting form at vanadium, the VCit and PV complexes are formed (this is generally observed in solutions at neutral or more basic pH values, Figure 3 ).…”