At the intersection: hate crime policy and practice in England and Wales

Abstract

This article argues that while the hate crime model has agencies' understanding of the importance of the victim-centred approach to investigating and prosecuting hate crime, at the same time

Consequences of bias-motivated victimisation among Swedish university students with an immigrant or minority background

“…The results both rejected and confirmed assumptions made by previous researchers. The tendency to report hate crime to the police was significantly higher among victims of hate crimes with multiple or intersecting motives, rejecting the proposition made by Perry (2009) and Mason-Bish (2015). There were no significant differences in levels of repeat victimization between those with low stigma, medium stigma or high stigma.…”

Designing hate crime reporting devices: An exploration of young LGBT+ people’s report needs

“…Within criminological discourse, 'hate', and more specifically hate crime, is conceptualized in terms of its impact (the harms associated), tangibility (what it constitutes), and legislative application (who is protected under hate crime legislation). The latter is under continuous dispute within scholarly discourse with many advocating for an inclusive hate crime framework Garland, 2009, 2015;Hall, 2013;Perry, 2003;Perry, 2009). The law in England and Wales protects against violence "motivated by a hostility or prejudice based on race or perceived race; religion or perceived religion sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation; disability or…a person who is transgender or perceived to be transgender" (Crown Prosecution Service, 2012, p. 8).…”

When there is more than one motive

“…The term ‘hate crime’ has come to be understood as an umbrella concept encompassing acts of violence founded on prejudice and hostility directed toward an individual due to the group to which they are perceived as belonging, such as race, religion or sexual orientation (Perry, 2001; Chakraborti, 2014). Such prejudice and hostility have been increasingly legally recognized as ‘aggravating circumstances’ in a growing number of countries (Perry, 2009; Brax and Munthe, 2014; Perry, 2016). Crimes based on prejudice or hostility directed at the perceived race, skin colour, ethnic origin, religion, sexual orientation or transgender status of the victim are defined as hate crimes by Swedish authorities along with unlawful discrimination and hate speech.…”

“…Civil rights organizations that advocate for minority rights have called for hate crime legislation as a practical protection for minority groups who remain especially vulnerable to hate crime victimization (Mason-Bish, 2014). Consequently, hate crime law has been used as a political tool to signal a political stance which takes crimes that primarily target socially vulnerable groups particularly seriously (Perry, 2009; Brax and Munthe, 2014; Mason, 2014). This is especially the case in the Swedish context, where hate crimes are interpreted as a group of crimes that target the basic principles of the democratic regime and its fundamental principles of equality and human rights (Statens Offentliga Utredningar (SOU), 2000: 88).…”