Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. II. Height, weight, body mass index, and skinfolds, and their correlation to metabolic variables

Dahlström, Seppo; Viikari, Jorma; Åkerblom, H. K.; Solakivi-Jaakkola, T.; Uhari, Matti; Dahl, M.; Lähde, P.-L.; Pesonen, Erkki; Pietikäinen, M; Suoninen, P.; Louhivuori, K

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10083.x

Cited by 68 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This is in accordance with results from other studies [5,37,38]. The ApoB concentration was significantly higher in the obese group which is not uniformly found in other studies [39,40] (table 2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Influence of Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Children

Guerra¹,

Rêgo²,

Castro³

et al. 2003

Ann Nutr Metab

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Aim: The main objective of the study was to determine whether risk factors associated with obesity are influenced by genetic variation of apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Methods: 81 obese children (mean age 9.4 ± 2.8 years) and an age-matched control group were included. Body composition, lipid profile, and glucose and insulin levels were evaluated according to international recommendations, and the blood pressure was measured by an oscillometric method. Results: The calculated frequencies of the ApoE alleles *2, *3, and *4 (0.04, 0.88 and 0.08) in obese children were similar to those of eutrophic age-matched controls (0.07, 0.82, and 0.11) and fitted the range of variation generally observed in southern European populations. Age, anthropometric parameters, body fat mass, and blood pressure were similar in E2/3, E3/3 and E4/3 genotypes. Total/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios were higher in the E4/3 group as compared with E3/3 (p < 0.01) and E2/3 (p < 0.05) groups. No differences concerning clusters of risk factors were observed among the three genotypes. No associations were found between ApoE polymorphism and glucose levels (fasting and at 2 h) and between fasting insulin levels and HOMA_IR results. Higher levels of fasting and 2-hour insulin and higher HOMA_IR values were significantly associated with a higher fat mass. Conclusions: ApoE polymorphism seems to influence some lipid profile abnormalities associated with obesity in childhood. However, clustering of risk factors and insulin resistance seem not to be dependent on ApoE polymorphism.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Influence of Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Children

Guerra¹,

Rêgo²,

Castro³

et al. 2003

Ann Nutr Metab

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“…The present study suggests, however, that the true connections between intakes of fat, intakes of other nutrients, and growth are loose during the early years of life. The growth of children with different fat intake patterns between the ages of 13 mo and 5 y was well within the range of healthy Finnish children (16,18), and children in all fat intake groups showed similar growth. The current intake recommendations were met in all 5 fat intake 10.6 ± 1.5 10.5 ± 1.9 10.9 ± 2.6 10.5 ± 2.2 10.5 ± 1.8 1 x -± SD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Influence of dietary fat on the nutrient intake and growth of children from 1 to 5 y of age: the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project

Lagström

Seppänen

Jokinen

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Excessive decreases in fat intake in young children have been linked with low intakes of energy and nutrients and possible growth failure. Objective: We evaluated nutrient intakes and growth of healthy children with different fat intakes during the first 5 y of life. Design: In the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP), 7-mo-old children were randomly assigned to an intervention aimed at reduced consumption of saturated fat and cholesterol (n = 540) or to a control group (n = 522). This analysis comprises data for children for whom ≥ 6 of 8 possible 3-4-d food records were available (n = 730; 353 females). Children were divided according to fat intake pattern (percentage of energy) between the ages of 13 mo and 5 y into groups with continuously high fat intake (5% of children), increasing fat intake (5%), continuously low fat intake (5%), decreasing fat intake (5%), and average fat intake (80%). Children's energy and nutrient intakes and growth were then compared by analysis of variance. Results: Fat intake at 13 mo of age was particularly low (21% of energy) in the increasing fat intake group and in the continuously low fat intake group (22% of energy at 13 mo; 26% of energy at 5 y). Growth of children in all 5 fat intake groups, however, was not significantly different throughout the study period. Intakes of vitamins and minerals, except of vitamin D, met recommended dietary allowances in all fat intake groups. Conclusion: Nutrient intakes and growth were not significantly different in children whose fat intake patterns differed between 13 mo and 5 y of age.Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:516-23.

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“…Finnish age-and gender-matched references were used to assess the relative BMI in SDS. 24 Body density was calculated from the combined triceps and subscapular skin fold thickness values according to the method described by Parizkova. 25 The percentage of body fat was calculated with the method described by Keys and Brozek.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and Biochemical Markers of Growth in Children With Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

et al. 2002

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ABSTRACT. Objective. The pathophysiological mechanisms of growth impairment frequently associated with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children are poorly defined. The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether nighttime upper airway obstruction attributable to adenotonsillar hypertrophy and subsequent surgical treatment affect the circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGFbinding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) along with other growth parameters in children.Patients and Methods. We initially studied 70 children (mean age: 5.8 years; range: 2.4 -10.5 years) admitted to a university hospital because of clinical symptoms of OSAS. Their sleep was monitored with a 6-channel computerized polygraph. Data on anthropometry and circulating concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were generated and compared with corresponding characteristics in control children (N ‫؍‬ 35). Thirty children with an obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) of 1 or more were categorized as children with OSAS (mean OAHI: 5.4 [95% confidence interval for mean (CI): 3.8 -6.9]), whereas 40 children with an OAHI of <1 were considered as primary snorers (PS) (mean OAHI 0.13 [95% CI: 0.05-0.21]). Nineteen children with OAHI >2 underwent adenotonsillectomy attributable to OSAS and were reassessed 6 months later together with 34 nonoperated children with OAHI <2.Results. There were no initial differences in relative height and weight for height between the 3 groups of children. No differences were observed in peripheral IGF-I concentrations, but both OSAS and PS children had reduced peripheral IGFBP-3 levels. The operated children with initial OSAS experienced a highly significant reduction in their OAHI from 7.1 (95% CI: 5.1-9.1) to 0.37 (95% CI: 0.2-0.95). Weight-for-height, body mass index, body fat mass, and fat-free mass increased during the follow-up in the operated children with OSAS, whereas only fat-free mass and relative height increased in the PS children. Both the IGF-I and the IGFBP-3 concentrations increased significantly in the operated children, whereas no significant changes were seen in the PS children.Conclusions. These observations indicate that growth hormone secretion is impaired in children with OSAS and PS. Respiratory improvement after adenotonsillectomy in children with OSAS results in weight gain and restored growth hormone secretion. Pediatrics 2002;109(4). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/109/4/e55; snoring, obstructive sleep apnea, growth hormone, insulinlike growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3.ABBREVIATIONS. OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; GH, growth hormone; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor-I; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3; PS, primary snorer; EMG, electromyogram; OAHI, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea index; SDS, standard deviation score; BMI, body mass index; SWS, slow-wave sleep. S noring is relatively common in children, with the prevalence of regular snoring about 10% in preschool-aged subjects. 1-3 Obs...

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Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. II. Height, weight, body mass index, and skinfolds, and their correlation to metabolic variables

Cited by 68 publications

References 26 publications

Influence of Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Children

Influence of Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Children

Influence of dietary fat on the nutrient intake and growth of children from 1 to 5 y of age: the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project

Growth and Biochemical Markers of Growth in Children With Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

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