Atlantic salmon skin barrier functions gradually enhance after seawater transfer

Karlsen, Christian; Ytteborg, Elisabeth; Timmerhaus, Gerrit; Høst, Vibeke; Handeland, Sigurd O.; Jørgensen, Sven Martin; Krasnov, Aleksei

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27818-y

Cited by 53 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Elevated skin mucous cell numbers are generally reflective of healthy fish whereas depleted mucosal cells may indicate a recent mucosal discharge due to stress or disease (63, 64). Mucosal cell numbers however, can also be influenced by the sampling location on the fish body, sex, diet, and age or development stage, thus care must be taken when interpreting results (31, 65, 66). In our study, skin and gill mucosal cell numbers were elevated in both RAS systems compared to the FT suggesting that RAS fish may have been more healthy or less stressed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial ecology of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, hatcheries: impacts of the built environment on fish mucosal microbiota

Minich

Jantawongsri

Johnston³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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ABSTRACTSuccessful rearing of fish in hatcheries is critical for conservation, recreational fishing, and commercial fishing through wild stock enhancements, and aquaculture production. Flow through (FT) hatcheries require more water than Recirculating-Aquaculture-Systems (RAS) which enable up to 99% of water to be recycled thus significantly reducing environmental impacts. Here, we evaluated the biological and physical microbiome interactions of the built environment of a hatchery from three Atl salmon hatcheries (RAS n=2, FT n=1). Six juvenile fish were sampled from tanks in each of the hatcheries for a total of 60 fish across 10 tanks. Water and tank side biofilm samples were collected from each of the tanks along with three salmon body sites (gill, skin, and digesta) to assess mucosal microbiota using 16S rRNA sequencing. The water and tank biofilm had more microbial richness than fish mucus while skin and digesta from RAS fish had 2× the richness of FT fish. Body sites each had unique microbial communities (P<0.001) and were influenced by the various hatchery systems (P<0.001) with RAS systems more similar. Water and especially tank biofilm richness was positively correlated with skin and digesta richness. Strikingly, the gill, skin and digesta communities were more similar to the origin tank biofilm vs. all other experimental tanks suggesting that the tank biofilm has a direct influence on fish-associated microbial communities. The results from this study provide evidence for a link between the tank microbiome and the fish microbiome with the skin microbiome as an important intermediate.IMPORTANCEAtlantic salmon, Salmo salar, is the most farmed marine fish worldwide with an annual production of 2,248 million metric tonnes in 2016. Salmon hatcheries are increasingly changing from flow through towards RAS design to accommodate more control over production along with improved environmental sustainability due to lower impacts on water consumption. To date, microbiome studies on hatcheries have focused either on the fish mucosal microbiota or the built environment microbiota, but have not combined the two to understand interactions. Our study evaluates how water and tank biofilm microbiota influences fish microbiota across three mucosal environments (gill, skin, and digesta). Results from this study highlight how the built environment is a unique source of microbes to colonize fish mucus and furthermore how this can influence the fish health. Further studies can use this knowledge to engineer built environments to modulate fish microbiota for a beneficial phenotype.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial ecology of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, hatcheries: impacts of the built environment on fish mucosal microbiota

Minich

Jantawongsri

Johnston³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…The number of cells in the intermediate epidermal compartment varies with age, species and other factors such as temperature (Elliott 2011; Karlsen et al . 2018). These cells supply and replace dead cells of the superficial layer.…”

Section: The Anatomy and Functions Of Fish Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical induced wounds in fish – a review on models and healing mechanisms

Sveen

Karlsen

Ytteborg

2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

Self Cite

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Skin wounds and injuries are frequently occurring in farmed fish, particularly in more intensive production systems. Any disruptions of the skin, such as mucus removal, scale loss or deeper incisions, are negatively correlated with barrier functions and disease resistance. In this review, the current knowledge on mechanically induced wounds in fish is dedicated to five areas of focus: (i) The anatomy and functions of fish skin, (ii) Techniques to inflict mechanical skin damage in farmed and laboratory fish for experimental purposes, (iii) Healing mechanisms of deep wounds, (iv) In vitro models for wound healing studies and (v) Wound care, with focus on factors that may enhance or delay skin regenerative processes. The aim of the review was to presents key points for a better understanding of skin resilience and fish robustness, with focus on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in Norwegian coastal production environment.

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“…The biological interpretation of RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) (whole transcriptome sequencing) remains challenging and depends on availability of well-annotated genomes, which remain uncommon in nonmodel and noncommercial fish species [166]. Gene expression and transcriptomics have been successfully used to characterize the mucosal responses following bacterial infections in fish and after salmon smoltification [173][174][175][176]. A recent genome study of Atlantic salmon found seven putative mucin genes with tissue-specific transcription patterns, and it revealed that mucin transcription is regulated differently by different aquaculture stressors, providing new insights into mucosal health [177].…”

Section: Use Of "Omics" In Fish Mucus Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological and Ecological Roles of External Fish Mucus: A Review

Reverter

Tapissier‐Bontemps

Lecchini

et al. 2018

Fishes

192

137

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Fish mucus layers are the main surface of exchange between fish and the environment, and they possess important biological and ecological functions. Fish mucus research is increasing rapidly, along with the development of high-throughput techniques, which allow the simultaneous study of numerous genes and molecules, enabling a deeper understanding of the fish mucus composition and its functions. Fish mucus plays a major role against fish infections, and research has mostly focused on the study of fish mucus bioactive molecules (e.g., antimicrobial peptides and immune-related molecules) and associated microbiota due to their potential in aquaculture and human medicine. However, external fish mucus surfaces also play important roles in social relationships between conspecifics (fish shoaling, spawning synchronisation, suitable habitat finding, or alarm signals) and in interspecific interactions such as prey-predator relationships, parasite–host interactions, and symbiosis. This article reviews the biological and ecological roles of external (gills and skin) fish mucus, discussing its importance in fish protection against pathogens and in intra and interspecific interactions. We also discuss the advances that “omics” sciences are bringing into the fish mucus research and their importance in studying the fish mucus composition and functions.

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Atlantic salmon skin barrier functions gradually enhance after seawater transfer

Cited by 53 publications

References 38 publications

Microbial ecology of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, hatcheries: impacts of the built environment on fish mucosal microbiota

Microbial ecology of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, hatcheries: impacts of the built environment on fish mucosal microbiota

Mechanical induced wounds in fish – a review on models and healing mechanisms

Biological and Ecological Roles of External Fish Mucus: A Review

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