Atmospheric pollution by auxin-type herbicides in Tala Valley, Natal

Sandmann, E.R.I.C.; Beer, Pieter R. de; Dyk, Lodewyk P. van

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(91)90271-e

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…For instance, suspected damage due to airborne herbicides to vegetable crops in Natal, South Africa, has led to an extensive monitoring of several airborne herbicides. Sandmann et al (1991) were not able to establish any relationship between the presence of herbicides in air samples and damage to vegetables, as well as Gilbey et al (1984) did not find any relationship between damage to tomato plants and airborne 2,4-D esters in Geraltdon, Australia. In contrast, Farwell et al (1976) showed that damage to grapevines was due to airborne 2,4-D on five occasions in Washington, USA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Short- and Long-Term Response of Sunflower to Airborne Bromoxynil-Octanoate Under Controlled and Field Conditions

2005

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Wind tunnel studies and a field study were conducted to investigate the impact of the airborne herbicide bromoxynil-octanoate on non-target plants. Sunflowers at the two-leaf stage were used as test plants and exposed for 24 h in a wind tunnel to a range of concentrations of airborne bromoxynil-octanoate. Quantum yield of electron transport at Photosystem II (phiPSII) of exposed leaves and leaves developed after exposure, plant height, days to flower and head diameter were used to determine the short- and long-term response of sunflowers to bromoxynil-octanoate. Quantum yield of exposed leaves and of the second leaf pair, determined 1 h and 2 days after exposure, was reduced at concentrations >0.449 and >1.159 microg/m3, respectively, but no effects on further leaf pairs developed after exposure were observed. Growth parameters were partly affected when exposed to >1.448 microg/m3. In a field study a maize plot was treated with bromoxynil-octanoate and parathion-methyl, used as a tracer compound. Afterwards, potted sunflowers were placed inside the maize plot and at different distances (2, 4, 8 and 16 m) from the treated plot. The highest concentrations of bromoxynil-octanoate and parathion-methyl collected in air samples at a distance of 8 m outside of the treated plot were 0.100 and 0.055 microg/m3, respectively. Little of the breakdown product bromoxynil phenol was detected in the air. Detectable concentrations of bromoxynil-octanoate and bromoxynil phenol were found only in a few leaf samples, whereas parathion-methyl was detected in almost 50% of the leaf samples up to 16 m from the treated plot. Quantum yield and growth of sunflower were not affected due to low concentrations of bromoxynil-octanoate in the air.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Short- and Long-Term Response of Sunflower to Airborne Bromoxynil-Octanoate Under Controlled and Field Conditions

2005

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“…For assessing analyte stability, four studies (Curwin et al 2005b;Messing et al 2013;Nishioka et al 2001;Sandmann, Debeer, and Vandyk 1991) provided some information on sample storage time (Tier 2, Table S3) but only two (Abbott et al 1987;Lavy et al 1982) specifically assessed whether any "2,4-D was broken down prior to analysis" (Lavy et al 1982). These two are considered to be Tier 1 studies for this quality element.…”

Section: 4-d and Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thirty-four of these publications did not contain data relevant for human exposure assessment and are not considered further. The excluded studies were experimental, analytical, dissipation, or rainfall studies (Amani et al 2011;Anirudhan and Alexander 2014;Degenhardt et al 2011;Farenhorst, Andronak, and McQueen 2015;Hill et al 2002Hill et al , 2003Matthiessen et al 1992;Meru et al 1990;Nam et al 2014;Omidi et al 2014;Osborne et al 2015;Qin, Wei, and Li 2002;Quaghebeur et al 2004;Ryals, Genter, and Leidy 1998;Sandmann, Debeer, and Vandyk 1991;Siemering, Hayworth, and Greenfield 2008;Trevisan et al 1993;Waite et al 1995Waite et al , 2002bWatson 1977; Yamini and Saleh 2013), provided insufficient data (data only in graphical format) (Botta et al 2012;Cerejeira et al 2003; Davis and Lydy 2002;Gilliom 2007;Mitchell, Brodie, and White 2005;Muir and Grift 1987;Nagy and Painter 1985;Schultz and Harman 1974;Schultz and Whitney 1974;Spalding, Junk, and Richard 1980;Whitmore et al 1994), were a review (Hallberg 1989) or monitored a unique site not applicable to general population exposures (Buczynska and Szadkowska-Stanczyk 2005).…”

Section: 4-d and Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical and systematic evaluation of data for estimating human exposures to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) – quality and generalizability

LaKind

Burns

Naiman³

et al. 2017

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

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The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been commercially available since the 1940's. Despite decades of data on 2,4-D in food, air, soil, and water, as well as in humans, the quality the quality of these data has not been comprehensively evaluated. Using selected elements of the Biomonitoring, Environmental Epidemiology, and Short-lived Chemicals (BEES-C) instrument (temporal variability, avoidance of sample contamination, analyte stability, and urinary methods of matrix adjustment), the quality of 156 publications of environmental- and biomonitoring-based 2,4-D data was examined. Few publications documented steps were taken to avoid sample contamination. Similarly, most studies did not demonstrate the stability of the analyte from sample collection to analysis. Less than half of the biomonitoring publications reported both creatinine-adjusted and unadjusted urine concentrations. The scope and detail of data needed to assess temporal variability and sources of 2,4-D varied widely across the reviewed studies. Exposures to short-lived chemicals such as 2,4-D are impacted by numerous and changing external factors including application practices and formulations. At a minimum, greater transparency in reporting of quality control measures is needed. Perhaps the greatest challenge for the exposure community is the ability to reach consensus on how to address problems specific to short-lived chemical exposures in observational epidemiology investigations. More extensive conversations are needed to advance our understanding of human exposures and enable interpretation of these data to catch up to analytical capabilities. The problems defined in this review remain exquisitely difficult to address for chemicals like 2,4-D, with short and variable environmental and physiological half-lives and with exposures impacted by numerous and changing external factors.

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“…[23,159,177]), these concentrations are well below those measured as LC 50 values in acute toxicity inhalation studies [176]…”

Section: Direct Effects On Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, in Australia 2,4-D has damaged tomato plants [158] and in South Africa symptoms typical of those caused by auxin-type herbicides have been observed on vegetables [159]. In order to prevent the reoccurrence of this type of damage restrictions have been introduced on the use of these types of herbicides and/or their formulations and lower volatility esters, such as ethylhexyl, have also been developed for use in place of more highly volatile ones.…”

Section: Direct Effects On Non-target Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

Unsworth¹,

Wauchope²,

Klein³

et al. 1999

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Since the 1960s there has been a growing body of data regarding the presence of pesticides in the atmosphere. The monitoring results obtained show that traces of pesticides may undergo long range transport and be deposited considerable distances away from the treatment areas, including remote areas such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Pesticides have been found in air, rain, cloud water, fog and snow. The appearance and subsequent behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are complex processes and the concentrations found depend on several variables such as their volatility, photostability, method of application and extent of use. Whilst volatility of pesticides can be linked to their Henry's Law constant this is very much a simplification since it is also influenced by the surfaces treated, e.g. soil or leaves, and by the extent to which aerosols are formed during the application. The disappearance of pesticides from the atmosphere is due to hydrolysis, indirect photolysis via OH ؒ radicals and to deposition in rain. Pesticides which are resistant to hydrolysis and photolysis can be transported over great distances, for example, organochlorine insecticides have been detected in the Arctic regions. In general, concentrations in rainwater are, when detected, in the low or sub g/L range and highest concentrations are found during the time of application. The use of fugacity models has been shown to be a useful approach to predict concentrations in air. Under most conditions the presence of pesticides in air, or rainwater, has no significant effects on nontarget systems, including direct and indirect effects. Exceptions to this are damage by auxintype herbicides to sensitive plants which has resulted on restrictions in their use in certain areas and transient chlorotic spotting thought to be caused by drift of aerosols from application of low rate sulfonyl urea herbicides. For animal species one possible exception has been postulated. This is for persistent organochlorine pesticides in Arctic regions where, due to the very oligotrophic nature of the Arctic ocean, they are more liable to bioaccumulate and be transported in the food web giving enhanced levels in mothers' milk. THE IUPAC COMMISSION ON AGROCHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT MAKES THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the conclusions from this review, several recommendations for further areas of research are suggested. Since the factors governing the fate and behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are the same for any organic contaminant, whether from natural or anthropogenic sources, research studies on pesticides in air should be considered in the same way as any organic contaminant in the atmosphere.

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Atmospheric pollution by auxin-type herbicides in Tala Valley, Natal

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Short- and Long-Term Response of Sunflower to Airborne Bromoxynil-Octanoate Under Controlled and Field Conditions

Short- and Long-Term Response of Sunflower to Airborne Bromoxynil-Octanoate Under Controlled and Field Conditions

Critical and systematic evaluation of data for estimating human exposures to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) – quality and generalizability

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

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