Atomic control of strain in freestanding graphene

Xu, Peng; Yang, Yurong; Barber, S.D.; Ackerman, M.L.; Schoelz, J.K.; Qi, D.; Kornev, Igor; Dong, Lifeng; Bellaïche, L.; Barraza‐Lopez, Salvador; Thibado, P. M.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.85.121406

Cited by 76 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…27 A second interaction is also taking place, though, in which the tip bias induces an image charge in the grounded sample, resulting in an electrostatic attraction that increases with the bias. We have found that in some materials, such as graphite 28 and freestanding graphene, 29 this attraction can result in physical movement of the sample, convoluting and often eclipsing any DOS measurement. Given that it is not a spectroscopy measurement, we call this measurement EM-STM.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The large charge density of graphene pushes its surface (imaged by the STM tip) further out into the vacuum. 31 In a broader context, we are modeling the case where a normal force is continuously applied to the graphene as it approaches graphite. The two systems eventually begin to interact, and the graphene transitions to a layer of graphite.…”

Section: E Vertical Displacement Total Energy Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5(a-e) was not possible until simulated STM images of HOPG were extracted from DFT calculations. 31 These calculations were performed within the local-density approximation without modeling the STM tip 32 and using projector augmented-wave potentials 33 as implemented in the plane wave basis set VASP 34 code. The graphite was modeled as a six-layer Bernal stack, using a 1 × 1 unit cell.…”

Section: Vertical Displacement Of Top Layer Of Graphite: Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electronic transition from graphite to graphene via controlled movement of the top layer with scanning tunneling microscopy

Yang

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. B

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A series of measurements using a technique called electrostatic-manipulation scanning tunneling microscopy (EM-STM) were performed on a highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite surface. The electrostatic interaction between the STM tip and the sample can be tuned to produce both reversible and irreversible large-scale movement of the graphite surface. Under this influence, atomic-resolution STM images reveal that a continuous electronic transition from triangular symmetry, where only alternate atoms are imaged, to hexagonal symmetry can be systematically controlled. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that this transition can be related to vertical displacements of the top layer of graphite relative to the bulk. Evidence for horizontal shifts in the top layer of graphite is also presented. Excellent agreement is found between experimental STM images and those simulated using DFT.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: E Vertical Displacement Total Energy Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vertical Displacement Of Top Layer Of Graphite: Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electronic transition from graphite to graphene via controlled movement of the top layer with scanning tunneling microscopy

Yang

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. B

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“…9 Xu et al demonstrated atomic control of strain in freestanding graphene using a local attractive force created at the STM tip. 10 Moreover, mechanical vibrations in suspended nanoribbons were generated by D. Garcia-Sanchez et al with sinusoidal variation of strains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spin density waves in periodically strained graphene nanoribbons

Al-Aqtash

Sabirianov

2014

Nanoscale

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Zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) are antiferromagnetic in the ground state with zero net magnetization due to the compensation of contributions from opposite edges. Uniform deformations (both shear and axial) do not produce magnetization due to symmetry restrictions. However, we report the results of first-principles calculations that predict the induction of spin density waves (SDWs) in ZGNRs under non-uniform periodic strain. Using the density functional theory (DFT) method, we show that a sinusoidal magnetization variation along the axis of the ribbon occurs under a sinusoidal transversal shear strain. SDWs appear due to the presence of a strain gradient that induced asymmetry of magnetization on opposite edges of ZGNRs which do not compensate each other. The amplitude of SDWs is estimated at $0.066m B when deformations transverse to the ZGNR axis have a sinusoidal profile with a period of 88.6Å and an amplitude of 1Å. Our study suggests that the periodic lattice deformations strongly affect the magnetic structure of ZGNRs in the case of acoustic phonons or mechanical waves.

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“…The starting point for us was the analysis of strain created by a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) on graphene [18]. There is a theory laid out on a structural continuum [22,11,12,13,14,15,16,17] that correlates structural deformations to URL: sbarraza@uark.edu (Salvador Barraza-Lopez) mechanically-induced gauges on Dirac fermions in 2+1 dimensions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete differential geometry and the properties of conformal two-dimensional materials

Barraza‐Lopez

2015

Synthetic Metals

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Two-dimensional materials were first isolated no longer than ten years ago, and a comprehensive understanding of their properties under non-planar shapes is still being developed. Strictly speaking, the theoretical study of the properties of graphene and other two-dimensional materials is the most complete for planar structures and for structures with small deformations from planarity. The opposite limit of large deformations is yet to be studied comprehensively but that limit is extremely relevant because it determines material properties near the point of failure. We are exploring uses for discrete differential geometry within the context of graphene and other two-dimensional materials, and these concepts appear promising in linking materials properties to shape regardless of how large a given material deformation is. A brief account of additional contributions arising from our group to two-dimensional materials that include graphene, stanene and phosphorene is provided towards the end of this manuscript.

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Atomic control of strain in freestanding graphene

Cited by 76 publications

References 38 publications

Electronic transition from graphite to graphene via controlled movement of the top layer with scanning tunneling microscopy

Electronic transition from graphite to graphene via controlled movement of the top layer with scanning tunneling microscopy

Spin density waves in periodically strained graphene nanoribbons

Discrete differential geometry and the properties of conformal two-dimensional materials

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