Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Broekaert, J. A. C.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2394-3_4

Cited by 6 publications

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References 106 publications

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“…The combination of cathodic sputtering as a means of introducing atoms from bulk solids and the relatively simple optical spectra lead to the implementation of hollow cathode GD devices as line sources for atomic absorption spectrophotometry . The development of the Grimm-type glow discharge geometry led to the use of glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) as a tool for both bulk solid and depth-resolved analysis of metals and alloys. − The subsequent introduction of radio frequency (rf) powering schemes opened up the scope of application further to nonconductive materials and coatings …”

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An Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Optical Emission Source for the Direct Sampling of Liquid Media

2001

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A glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) source that operates at atmospheric pressure is described. This device utilizes an electrolytic solution containing the analyte specimen as one of the discharge electrodes. The passage of electrical current (either electrons or positive ions) across the solution/gas phase interface causes local heating and the volatilization of the analyte species. Collisions in the discharge region immediately above the solution surface result in optical emission that is characteristic of the analyte elements. Operation of this device with the analyte solution acting as either the cathode or anode is demonstrated. Current-voltage (i-V) plots reveal abnormal glow discharge characteristics, with operating parameters being dependent on the electrolyte concentration (i.e., solution conductivity) and the gap between the solution surface and the counterelectrode. Typical conditions include discharge currents of 30-60 mA, and potentials of 500-900 V. Electrolyte solutions having pH, pNa, or pLi values of 0.5-2 and interelectrode gaps of 0.5-3 mm produce stable plasmas in which the analyte solutions flow at rates of up to 3.0 mL/min. Preliminary limits of detection are determined for the elements Na, Fe, and Pb to be in the range of 11-14 ppm (approximately 60 ng) for 5-microL sample volumes.

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An Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Optical Emission Source for the Direct Sampling of Liquid Media

2001

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Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry

Steiner

Barshick

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Glow discharge (GD) sources provide analytically useful gas‐phase species from solid samples. These sources can be interfaced with a variety of spectroscopic and spectrometric instruments for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Optical (atomic absorption spectroscopy, AAS; atomic emission spectroscopy, AES; atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, AFS; and optogalvanic spectroscopy) and mass spectrometric (magnetic sector, quadrupole mass analyzer, QMA; quadrupole ion trap, QIT; Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, FTICR; and time‐of‐flight, TOF) instrumentation are well suited for coupling to the GD. The GD is a relatively simple device. A potential gradient (500–1500 V) is applied between an anode and cathode. In most cases the sample is also the cathode. A noble gas (e.g. Ar, Ne, Xe) is introduced into the discharge region prior to power initiation. When a potential is applied, electrons are accelerated toward the anode. As these electrons accelerate they collide with gas atoms. A fraction of these collisions are of sufficient energy to remove an electron from a support gas atom, forming an ion. These ions are, in turn, accelerated toward the cathode. These ions impinge on the surface of the cathode, sputtering sample atoms from the surface. Sputtered atoms that do not redeposit on the surface diffuse into the excitation/ionization regions of the plasma where they can undergo excitation via a number of collisional processes. GD sources offer a number of distinct advantages that make them well suited for specific types of analyses. These sources afford direct analysis of solid samples, thus minimizing the sample preparation required for analysis. The nature of the plasma also provides mutually exclusive atomization and excitation processes that help to minimize the matrix effects that plague so many other elemental techniques. Unfortunately, the GD source functions optimally in a dry environment, making analysis of solutions difficult. These sources also suffer from difficulties associated with analyzing nonconducting samples. In this article, the principles of operation of the GD plasma will first be reviewed, with an emphasis on how those principles relate to optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Basic applications of the GD techniques will next be considered. These include bulk analysis, surface analysis, and the analysis of solution samples. The requirements necessary to obtain optical information will be addressed following the analytical applications. This section will focus on the instrumentation needed to make optical measurements using the GD as an atomization/excitation source. Finally, mass spectrometric instrumentation and interfaces will be addressed as they pertain to the use of a GD plasma as an ion source.

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Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry

Steiner

Barshick

Bogaerts

2009

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Optical (atomic absorption spectroscopy, AAS; atomic emission spectroscopy, AES; atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, AFS; and optogalvanic spectroscopy) and mass spectrometric (magnetic sector, quadrupole mass analyzer, QMA; quadrupole ion trap, QIT; Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, FTICR; and time‐of‐flight, TOF) instrumentation are well suited for coupling to the glow discharge (GD). The GD is a relatively simple device. A potential gradient (500–1500 V) is applied between an anode and a cathode. In most cases, the sample is also the cathode. A noble gas (e.g. Ar, Ne, and Xe) is introduced into the discharge region before power initiation. When a potential is applied, electrons are accelerated toward the anode. As these electrons accelerate, they collide with gas atoms. A fraction of these collisions are of sufficient energy to remove an electron from a support gas atom, forming an ion. These ions are, in turn, accelerated toward the cathode. These ions impinge on the surface of the cathode, sputtering sample atoms from the surface. Sputtered atoms that do not redeposit on the surface diffuse into the excitation/ionization regions of the plasma where they can undergo excitation and/or ionization via a number of collisional processes. GD sources offer a number of distinct advantages that make them well suited for specific types of analyses. These sources afford direct analysis of solid samples, thus minimizing the sample preparation required for analysis. The nature of the plasma also provides mutually exclusive atomization and excitation processes that help to minimize the matrix effects that plague so many other elemental techniques. Unfortunately, the GD source functions optimally in a dry environment, making analysis of solutions more difficult. These sources also suffer from difficulties associated with analyzing nonconducting samples. In this article, first, the principles of operation of the GD plasma are reviewed, with an emphasis on how those principles relate to optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Basic applications of the GD techniques are considered next. These include bulk analysis, surface analysis, and the analysis of solution samples. The requirements necessary to obtain optical information are addressed following the analytical applications. This section focuses on the instrumentation needed to make optical measurements using the GD as an atomization/excitation source. Finally, mass spectrometric instrumentation and interfaces are addressed as they pertain to the use of a GD plasma as an ion source. GD sources provide analytically useful gas‐phase species from solid samples. These sources can be interfaced with a variety of spectroscopic and spectrometric instruments for both quantitative and qualitative analysis.

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Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Cited by 6 publications

References 106 publications

An Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Optical Emission Source for the Direct Sampling of Liquid Media

An Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Optical Emission Source for the Direct Sampling of Liquid Media

Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry

Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry

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