Atomic force microscopy of cellulose microfibrils: comparison with transmission electron microscopy

Hanley, Shaune J.; Giasson, Julie; Revol, J.‐F.; Gray, Derek G.

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(92)90426-w

Cited by 171 publications

(116 citation statements)

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“…Whisker dimensions depend on both the origin of the cellulose and reaction conditions employed. In general, wood and cotton cellulose nano whiskers have a smaller length and cross section compared to those derived from tunicate, bacterial and algae (Hanley et al, 1992;Terech et al, 1999;Grunert & Winter, 2002;Beck-Candanedo et al, 2005), which is in agreement with the degree of crystallinity and the lateral dimension of elementary fibrils. Cellulose nano whiskers exhibit not only a high elastic modulus of 143 GPa (Sturcova et al, 2005), but also show significant changes in electrical, optical, and magnetic properties in comparison to native cellulosic fibers (Samir et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Cellulose Nano Whiskers as a Reinforcing Filler in Polyurethanes

Li¹,

Ragauskas²

2011

Advances in Diverse Industrial Applications of Nanocomposites

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Cellulose Nano Whiskers as a Reinforcing Filler in Polyurethanes

Li¹,

Ragauskas²

2011

Advances in Diverse Industrial Applications of Nanocomposites

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“…Tapping mode height images (Hanley et al 1992) of the surface of the dry strand show a pattern of poorly defined corrugations or ridges at an angle of very approximately 60°to the fibril direction (Fig. 7b), corresponding to a shallow righthanded helix.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7a, b). Precise AFM measurements of nanofibril dimensions in cell walls are difficult because of sample-tip artefacts (Hanley et al 1992), but it was possible to dry down individual nanofibrils from celery and image them on a mica surface. Measurement of the height of the isolated nanofibrils gave more reliable values, of the order of 3 nm.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and handedness of helical coiled cellulosic thickenings from plant petiole tracheary elements

Gray

2014

Cellulose

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Leaf stalks (petioles) are critical components of the vascular system that conducts water from the roots to the photosynthetic apparatus of most green plants. Helical coiled cellulosic microfibrils that reinforce the tracheary elements in plant leaf petioles were isolated by a gentle treatment with alkali and acid chlorite from celery and from a number of tree species, including sugar maple, London plane, horse chestnut, tulip tree, paulownia and ginko. Analysis of the hydrolysate of celery coils gave glucose as the main product, but significant quantities of xylose and other sugars were also detected. Polarized light microscopy was used to determine the location, dimensions and handedness of the coils. The coils were made up of single or multiple parallel strands in contact, ranging up to 35 lm in diameter and several cm in length. The strand structure was chiral; significantly, only lefthanded helices were observed. An attempt is made to rationalize the left-handed structure by comparison with the spontaneous handedness observed in vitro for cellulose nanocrystals suspensions. The ubiquitous presence of coiled thickenings in petiole vascular elements indicates their importance in plant functions.

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“…The resultant cellulose rods, which were measured as approximately 135 glucose residues in length, were thought to represent crystallites of the microfibril. Despite development in microscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (Fengel and Stoll, 1989), atomic force microscopy (Hanley et al, 1992) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (Kuutti et al, 1995) the chain length of such a large molecule as cellulose is still rather difficult to measure. The cellulose molecule in wood was found to be approximately 3500±5000 nm in length when determined by degree of polymerization, as calculated by weight of cellulose molecules isolated by a variety of methods (Fengel and Wegner, 1989), whilst the average size of each crystallite has been determined by X-ray analysis to be 2±20 nm in width and 2±17 nm in thickness (depending on the cellulose sample used).…”

Section: Cellulose Ultrastructurementioning

confidence: 99%

A review on systematic study of cellulose

Gautam

Bundela

Pandey

et al. 2010

JANS

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This review attempts to bring together basic and systematic information which has been gathered on cellulose structure, types, principally that of native cellulose, over the last few decades. Even though advances have been made in the field of crystallography, powder crystallography cannot yield a definitive cellulose structure and single crystal diffraction is not possible due to the lack of suitable crystals. Knowledge obtained on the biosynthesis of native cellulose and on the polymorphy of cellulose and its derivatives help our understanding of ultrastructure. Many inconsistencies between early crystallographic studies of native cellulose have been clarified by the discovery that two polymorphs (α and β) of cellulose I exist. Models of the possible ultrastructural arrangements within native cellulose have been put forward over the decades; with advancement in technology, computer simulations of small and large systems are being created to test the viability of these ultrastructural models. It is hoped that this review will aid in the understanding of the complexity and uncertainties that still exist in this subject.

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Atomic force microscopy of cellulose microfibrils: comparison with transmission electron microscopy

Cited by 171 publications

References 1 publication

Cellulose Nano Whiskers as a Reinforcing Filler in Polyurethanes

Cellulose Nano Whiskers as a Reinforcing Filler in Polyurethanes

Isolation and handedness of helical coiled cellulosic thickenings from plant petiole tracheary elements

A review on systematic study of cellulose

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