Atomic-scale imaging of calcite growth and dissolution in real time

Hillner, P. E.; Gratz, A. J.; Manne, S.; Hansma, Paul K.

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0359:asiocg>2.3.co;2

Cited by 291 publications

(204 citation statements)

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“…It is well known for its strong birefringence, which has been exploited in a variety of optical applications, but it is also a mineral found in nature in great abundance, and a most interesting substrate for biomimetic materials chemistry (Heywood, 1996). The CaCO 3 (104 1) surface is the most stable cleavage face (de Leeuw and Parker, 1997) and has been the subject of a variety of theoretical (Skinner et al, 1994) and experimental (Stipp and Hochella, 1991;Stipp, 1999) studies, including contact force microscopy (Hillner et al, 1992;Ohnesorge and Binnig, 1993;Stipp et al, 1994;Liang et al, 1996). In these studies it has been claimed that atomic resolution can be obtained by performing the measurement in an aqueous environment where a snap into contact is avoided by compensating attractive van der Waals forces by capillary forces acting on the tip apex.…”

Section: Caco 3 (101 4) Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Theories of scanning probe microscopes at the atomic scale

2003

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Significant progress has been made both in experimentation and in theoretical modeling of scanning probe microscopy. The theoretical models used to analyze and interpret experimental scanning probe microscope (SPM) images and spectroscopic data now provide information not only about the surface, but also the probe tip and physical changes occurring during the scanning process. The aim of this review is to discuss and compare the present status of computational modeling of two of the most popular SPM methods-scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning force microscopy-in conjunction with their applications to studies of surface structure and properties with atomic resolution. In the context of these atomic-scale applications, for the scanning force microscope (SFM), this review focuses primarily on recent noncontact SFM (NC-SFM) results. After a brief introduction to the experimental techniques and the main factors determining image formation, the authors consider the theoretical models developed for the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the SFM. Both techniques are treated from the same general perspective of a sharp tip interacting with the surface-the only difference being that the control parameter in the STM is the tunneling current and in the SFM it is the force. The existing methods for calculating STM and SFM images are described and illustrated using numerous examples, primarily from the authors' own simulations, but also from the literature. Theoretical and practical aspects of the techniques applied in STM and SFM modeling are compared. Finally, the authors discuss modeling as it relates to SPM applications in studying surface properties, such as adsorption, point defects, spin manipulation, and phonon excitation. CONTENTS

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Section: Caco 3 (101 4) Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Theories of scanning probe microscopes at the atomic scale

2003

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“…Saturated CaCO 3 solution was prepared according to Hillner et al [18]. A solution of 100 mM NaHCO 3 was added slowly to 1000 mL of 40 mM CaCl 2 with continuous stirring until the solution became turbid.…”

Section: Feed Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In comparison with other separation operations, MD has obvious advantages: almost a complete rejection of dissolved and non-volatile species, lower operating pressure than pressuredriven membrane processes, reduced vapour space compared to traditional distillation, low operating temperature of a feed enables the utilization of waste heat as a preferable energy source [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Although the MD technology has the advantages that other membrane technologies have not, one of main obstacles impeding the implementation of MD is membrane fouling, which is caused by interactions between the membrane and the various components during the process [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on membrane distillation process for desalination of recirculating cooling water

Wang

Tie³

et al. 2008

Separation and Purification Technology

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a b s t r a c tThe objective of this work was to study the performance of coagulation pretreatment and the effect of coagulation pretreatment on membrane distillation (MD) process for desalination of recirculating cooling water (RCW). In this study, RCW was desalinated by MD process after pretreated by coagulation, precision filtration, acidification and degassing. Pre-coagulation of RCW with poly-aluminum chloride (PACl) coagulant improves the elimination of total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus (TP) substances. The optimized pH value and PACl dosage were 7 and 15 mg/L, respectively. Compared with MD process without coagulation pretreatment, much slighter MD flux decrease was observed when coagulation pretreatment was employed for desalination of RCW using MD process. Compared with the membrane flux of MD process for the RCW without coagulation pretreatment, about 23% improvement of MD flux was obtained by employing coagulation pretreatment after 30 days operation. The variation of crystal morphology on membrane surface and hydrophobic character of PVDF hollow membranes were investigated. The results show that distorted rhombic magnesium-calcite scale formed on membrane surface when coagulation pretreatment was employed. However, the deposited magnesium-calcite on the membrane surface was loosely packed with particles of much smaller size when RCW without coagulation pretreatment was fed. It is because that the coagulation pretreatment removed most of the natural organic matter (NOM) and antiscalant additives in RCW, which act as an inhibitor to calcium carbonate crystal growth in water. After coagulation pretreatment, bigger crystal deposit formed on membrane surface with the increase in CF of RCW. It was rather difficult for bigger crystal to enter membrane pores and thus the formation of bigger crystal reduced partial wetting of membrane, which enhanced trans-membrane flux. The hydrophobic character of PVDF hollow membranes used in MD process can be easily recovered by chemical rinsing using acid-base solutions. The results indicate that the pretreatment with chemical coagulant, PACl, is effective for the desalination of RCW by MD process.Crown

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“…In previous studies, several dissolution models [5][6][7][8][9] have been proposed to explain the experimental results obtained by the macroscopic elemental analyses 5,6 and nanoscale step flow measurements 7,8,[10][11][12] . Based on these models and semi-empirically determined parameters, Monte Carlo simulations successfully predicted dissolution processes under various conditions 9,12,13 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Dissolution Processes at Step Edges of Calcite in Water Investigated by High-Speed Frequency Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy and Simulation

et al. 2017

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ABSTRACT:The microscopic understanding of the crystal growth and dissolution processes have been greatly advanced by the direct imaging of nanoscale step flows by atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical interferometry and x-ray microscopy. However, one of the most fundamental events that govern their kinetics, namely, atomistic events at the step edges have not been well understood. In this study, we have developed high-speed frequency modulation AFM (FM-AFM) and enabled true atomic-resolution imaging in liquid at ~1 s/frame, which is ~50 times faster than the conventional FM-AFM. With the developed AFM, we have directly imaged subnanometer-scale surface structures around the moving step edges of calcite during its dissolution in water. The obtained images reveal that the transition region with typical width of a few nanometers is formed along the step edges. Building upon insight in previous studies, our simulations suggest that the Calcite (CaCO3) constitutes the largest carbon reservoir on Earth 1 and its dissolution plays a major role in the global carbon cycle in nature 2, 3 , as well as in technologies such as geologic CO2

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Atomic-scale imaging of calcite growth and dissolution in real time

Cited by 291 publications

References 0 publications

Theories of scanning probe microscopes at the atomic scale

Theories of scanning probe microscopes at the atomic scale

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on membrane distillation process for desalination of recirculating cooling water

Dissolution Processes at Step Edges of Calcite in Water Investigated by High-Speed Frequency Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy and Simulation

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