Atomic Spectrometry Update–Clinical and biological materials, food and beverages

Taylor, Andrew; Branch, Simon; Halls, David J.; Owen, Linda; White, Mark A.

doi:10.1039/a800371h

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 300 publications

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“…As result the lead is frequently found in surface water and, recently, in polar snow [2]. In humans, chronic lead poisoning is manifested by abnormalities such as encephalopathy, nervous irritability, kidney disease and altered heme synthesis and reproductive functions [3,4]. Such poisoning is associated with low to intermediate levels of chronic exposure to lead, with primary sources being intake of food, water and air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydride generation coupled with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) has been used for the determination of trace amounts of lead by Valdés-Hevia et al [11]. Unfortunately, the method presents problems derived from the well-known characteristics of PbH 4 (instability at room temperature, slow kinetics and relatively poor generation efficiency) [12]. On the other hand, if conventional ICP-AES (without hydride generation) is used, the low level of lead in many water samples is not compatible with the detection limit of this technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Automatic on line preconcentration and determination of lead in water by ICP-AES using a TS-microcolumn

Zougagh

Torres

Alonso

et al. 2004

Talanta

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A simple, sensitive, low-cost and rapid, flow injection system for the on-line preconcentration of lead by sorption on a microcolumn packed with silica gel funtionalized with methylthiosalicylate (TS-gel) was developped. The metal is directly retained on the sorbent column and subsequently then eluted from it by EDTA. Five variables (sample flow rate, eluent flow rate, eluent concentration, pH and buffer concentration) were considered as factors in the optimization process. Interactions between analytical factors and their optimal levels were investigated using two level factorial and Box-Behnken designs. The optimum conditions established were applied to the determination of lead by flow injection inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (FI-ICP-AES). The proposed method has a linear calibration range from 10 to at least 500 ng ml −1 of lead. At a sample frequency of 24 h −1 and a 120 s preconcentration time, the enrichment factor was 41, the detection limit was 15.3 ng ml −1 (S/N = 3) and the precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, was 0.9% (at 100 ng ml −1 ). Validation of the developed method was carried out against electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry analysis without statistically significant differences between the proposed method and the atomic absorption method.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic on line preconcentration and determination of lead in water by ICP-AES using a TS-microcolumn

Zougagh

Torres

Alonso

et al. 2004

Talanta

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“…New techniques and strategies have been introduced into sample preparation in the area of preconcentration of inorganic analytes and the separation of such analytes from the matrix [107][108][109]. MANSFELDT and BIERNATH [110] described a micro-distillation apparatus (Fig.…”

Section: Concentration and Separation Of Inorganic Trace Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sample Preparation for Trace Analysis

Begerow

Dunemann

2006

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. A Strategy Appropriate to Trace Analysis 1.2. Avoidance of Systematic Errors 1.2.1. Trace Losses and Contamination 1.2.2. Uncertainty 2. Sample Preparation and Digestion in Inorganic Analysis 2.1. Sample Treatment after the Sampling Process 2.1.1. Stabilization, Drying, and Storage 2.1.2. Homogenization and Aliquoting 2.1.3. Requirements with Respect to Materials and Chemicals 2.2. Sample‐Preparation Techniques; General Considerations 2.2.1. Special Factors Associated with Microwave‐Assisted Digestion 2.2.2. Safety Considerations 2.3. Wet Digestion Techniques 2.3.1. Wet Digestion at Atmospheric Pressure 2.3.2. Pressure Digestion 2.3.2.1. Thermally Convective Pressure Digestion 2.3.2.2. Microwave‐Assisted Pressure Digestion 2.4. “Dry” Digestion Techniques 2.4.1. Combustion in Air 2.4.2. Combustion in Oxygen 2.4.3. Cold‐Plasma Ashing 2.4.4. Fusion 2.5. Illustrative Examples 2.5.1. Sample Preparation as a Function of Analytical Method 2.5.2. Combined Use of Multiple Decomposition Techniques 2.5.3. Comparative Merits of the Various Sample‐Preparation Techniques 2.5.4. Decomposition Procedures for Determining Nonmetals 2.6. Evaluation Criteria 2.6.1. Completeness 2.6.2. Uncertainty 2.6.3. Time Factors 2.6.4. The Final Result 2.7. Concentration and Separation of Inorganic Trace Materials 2.8. Automation and Direct Analysis 2.8.1. Automation 2.8.2. Direct Analysis 2.9. Analysis of Element Species 3. Sample Preparation in Organic Analysis 3.1. Sample Treatment after the Sampling Process 3.1.1. Stabilization, Drying, and Storage 3.1.2. Homogenization and Aliquoting 3.1.3. Requirements with Respect to Materials and Chemicals 3.2. Separation of the Analyte 3.2.1. Hydrolysis 3.2.2. Liquid ‐ Liquid Extraction 3.2.3. Soxhlet Extraction 3.2.4. Microwave‐Assisted Solvent Extraction 3.2.5. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) 3.2.6. Solid‐Phase Extraction (SPE) 3.2.7. Solid‐Phase Microextraction (SPME) 3.2.8. Stir‐Bar Adsorptive Extraction (SBSE) 3.2.9. Miscellaneous Techniques 3.3. Headspace Techniques 3.3.1. Static Headspace Technique 3.3.2. Dynamic Headspace Technique (Purge and Trap) 3.4. Determination of Trace Organic Materials in Air Samples 3.5. Analyte Concentration 3.6. Derivatization 3.7. Coupled Techniques Trace analysis is a very relevant and applications‐oriented branch of analytical chemistry. The sample preparation for trace analysis must be custom‐tailored to the problem at hand. Systematic errors can arise by contact with vessel materials, reagents, or the ambient atmosphere, as well as any change in chemical or physical state. In inorganic analysis, sample preparation has to meet the requirements for a substantially trouble‐free determination of the analyte. Digestion of the matrix (microwave digestion, wet digestion, dry digestion techniques) and subsequent careful comparison of several decomposition techniques is therefore an essentially important step. Some separation and concentration techniques of the analytes are liquid –liquid extraction, solid‐phase extraction, special precipitation reactions, and electrolytic deposition. The introduction of laboratory robots should make it possible to incorporate a significant degree of automation into the time‐consuming, labor‐intensive area of sample preparation as well, leading to more efficient, reliable, and reproducible sample work‐up. The goal of sample preparation in organic trace analysis is to isolate the analyte from the sample matrix (e.g., liquid‐liquid extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave‐assisted solvent extraction, steam distillation) and then concentrate it and convert it into a form suitable for analysis by the selected method. Separation and concentration of an analyte must often be followed by some type of derivatization. Various coupled sample preparation and determination processes are increasingly utilized in trace organic analysis.

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“…For elements other than Na, K, and Mg, AAS is the most widely used method in clinical laboratories, usually employing electrothermal sample introduction (9). Recent reviews of clinical methods of analysis have appeared (10,11). Although there are many methods capable of multielement analysis of blood, there is still much room for improvement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multielement Analysis of Whole Blood Using a Capacitively Coupled Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer

Besteman

Bryan

Lau

et al. 1999

Microchemical Journal

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Atomic Spectrometry Update–Clinical and biological materials, food and beverages

Cited by 32 publications

References 300 publications

Automatic on line preconcentration and determination of lead in water by ICP-AES using a TS-microcolumn

Automatic on line preconcentration and determination of lead in water by ICP-AES using a TS-microcolumn

Sample Preparation for Trace Analysis

Multielement Analysis of Whole Blood Using a Capacitively Coupled Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer

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