“…Various analytical techniques for Pb 2+ detection have been developed, such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) [4,5], atomic emission spectrometry (AES), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) [6], inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [7], and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry [8]. However, these traditional analytical methods usually require sophisticated instruments, complicated operation and sample preparation/pretreatment procedures, which limit their wide-spread applications.…”