Atopic disorders among Estonian schoolchildren in relation to tuberculin reactivity and the age at BCG vaccination

Annus, Triine; Montgomery, Scott; Riikjärv, Mall-Anne; Björkstén, Bengt

doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00557.x

Cited by 38 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…There is no clear evidence emanating from various population-based studies. While first findings suggesting a strong inverse association between BCG vaccination and the prevalence of allergic illnesses in Japan strongly promoted this hypothesis (Shirakawa et al, 1997), subsequent studies failed to confirm the findings (Alm et al, 1997;Gruber et al, 2002;Krause et al, 2003;Annus et al, 2004). It remains to be seen whether observations in murine models of allergic asthma suggesting a beneficiary role of mycobacteria can be generalised to human populations.…”

Section: Bacterial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Allergies, infections and the hygiene hypothesis – The epidemiological evidence

Mutius¹

2007

Immunobiology

251

148

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Section: Bacterial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Allergies, infections and the hygiene hypothesis – The epidemiological evidence

Mutius¹

2007

Immunobiology

251

148

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“…Third, there have been regional differences in the diagnostic approach of BCG vaccination assessment. Some studies are based on questionnaires only while others documented the size of BCG scars [21,22]. Furthermore, different skin test antigens and dosages are in use and the dimension of induration itself that would be considered as a positive skin reaction varies in different countries [23,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of immunisation with Mycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin on the sensitisation to inhaled allergens after infection with respiratory syncytial virus

et al. 2005

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) may play an important role in allergic diathesis by creating a Th2-type immune response. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is known to induce a Th1-type immune response, but the association of BCG vaccination and the suppression of allergy development remain controversial. We investigated the influence of BCG vaccination on the immune response to RSV in a mouse model. Balb/c mice were BCG vaccinated, RSV infected and ovalbumin (OVA) challenged. Mice were sacrificed one, two and four weeks after allergen exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed. Alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes from spleens and lung-associated lymph nodes were investigated for cytokine production and cell proliferation. Serum was tested for allergen-specific immunoglobulin-E (IgE). Lung eosinophilia was diminished by BCG immunisation. OVA-specific serum IgE was increased regardless of prior BCG vaccination. Interleukin-4 secretion of spleen lymphocytes increased in BCG-vaccinated mice only one week after allergen exposure but was comparable to non-vaccinated mice at four weeks. The reactivity of spleen lymphocytes towards concanavalin-A to secrete interferon-gamma was increased in the vaccinated group at the end of the observation period. Interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion of alveolar macrophages as well as proliferation of stimulated thoracic lymph node cells were increased and prolonged in vaccinated mice. BCG immunisation led to a local suppression of the allergic reaction within the lung. No reduction of systemic IgE production was observed. Further studies are necessary to determine a possible time dependence of BCG immunisation.

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“…Several other studies have been performed in areas where the positive TST is likely to have been due to BCG vaccination or to exposure to environmental mycobacteria rather than to LTBI. Inverse correlations, when present, tend to be weak and require confusing subgroup analyses (Annus et al, 2004; ARTICLE IN PRESS Fig. 1.…”

Section: Tst Responses Not Due To Ltbi and Allergic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 97%