Attention-based interventions for the management of pain and distress in young children (3-12 years) with burn injuries

Cost-Effectiveness of a Nonpharmacological Intervention in Pediatric Burn Care

“…Use of virtual reality and computerized nonpharmacological interventions plays a significant role in dampening pain perception when used as an adjunct to pharmacological intervention during burn care and rehabilitation [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Several studies report on the effect of stress in delaying wound healing [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], and cellular links between pain and delayed wound healing are beginning to be explored [30].…”

Advances in the Cognitive Management of Chronic Pain in Children through the Use of Virtual Reality Combined with Binaural Beats: A Pilot Study

“…In answer to the general purpose of this study: to examine the suitability of this technology as a tool to help pediatric patients manage chronic pain, there are not enough data to be able to give a clear answer to it. Although, as indicated by the contributions of the authors of references [14,18,19,[35][36][37][38][39][40], VR can be used as a distraction tool for pain reduction. Te results obtained indicate that, despite its limitations, VR may represent a non-pharmacological intervention with great potential.…”

Occupational therapists' role in facilitating pain management in children with burn injuries

“…Perhaps, this is most prominent in the younger generation where applications are firmly ingrained in daily activities of play, entertainment, social media, childhood development aids and health care. Attention‐based technologies such as virtual reality (VR) offer a powerful non‐pharmacological intervention that can be used to prepare and distract children and adolescents from their painful and anxiety‐provoking procedures (Brown et al ., ; Hoffman, ; Kipping, Rodger, Miller & Kimble, ; Martin‐Herz, Thurber & Patterson, ; Miller, ; Miller, Bucolo, Patterson & Kimble, ; Miller, Rodger, Kipping & Kimble, ; Miller et al ., ). The strength of VR in the acute hospital environment lies in its ability to engage attention prior to (preparation) and throughout (distraction) the wound care procedure, whereby reducing a child's ability to attend to the pain, the procedure or their wound (Hoffman ; Kipping et al .…”

“…; Miller ; Miller et al . ). In the past, VR pain research has focussed on adults, with little emphasis on children and adolescents.…”

“…Childhood experiences of pain are different to those of adults where the pain sensation may be compounded by developmental experience and understanding, impacting on both pain mechanisms in the brain and the treatment options available (McGrath & Hillier, ; Stallings & March, ; The Royal Australasian College of Physicians, ). Current approaches have endeavoured to make adult models of effective preparation and distraction child friendly, without considering the impact of cognitive and emotional development on attenuation, motivation and the coping needs of the child (de Jong, Middelkoop, Faber & Van Loey, ; Hoffman, ; Miller, Kipping, Rodger, Greer & Kimble, ; The Royal Australasian College of Physicians, ). This lack of paediatric focussed interventions likely contributed to the long‐standing history of inadequate pain management control during burn wound care procedures (Summer, Puntillo, Miaskowski, Green & Levine, ).…”