Atualização sobre a epidemiologia de<i> Dirofilaria immitis </i>na América do Sul e no México: revisão de literatura

Abstract

Dirofilaria immitis (LEIDY, 1856; RAILLET; HENRY, 1911) is a parasite that is widely disseminated around the globe, with a higher prevalence in warm, humid climates. The first report of its occurrence in South America is from 1878 in Brazil. At that time, reports were scarce and difficult to retrieve -therefore, gathering them will facilitate recordkeeping over time. Four databases were searched (Scopus, MEDLINE, LILACS, and PubMed) and the search keywords were "Dirofilaria" or "heartworm" and the countries' names. Four countries lacked reports (Bolivia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Uruguay) and other three (Suriname, Guyana, and Paraguay) had only old reports. Chile was the only country in which studies were conducted over time, and no infected dogs were registered. For the other six countries (Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Brazil), reports showed that the infection frequency varied over time and with the surveyed area. Therefore, the information indicates that D. immitis is established, and veterinarians must institute preventive programs to optimally care for their patients and protect the health of their families. Keywords: Heartworm. Dog. Prevalence. Diagnostic. ResumoDirofilaria immitis (LEIDY, 1856; RAILLET; HENRY, 1911) é um nematoide de ampla distribuição geográfica, que ocorre com maior frequência em áreas quentes e úmidas do planeta. O primeiro registro de sua ocorrência na América do Sul foi realizado em 1878, no Brasil. Naquela época os registros eram poucos e raramente de fácil obtenção, razão pela qual reuni-los facilitará o acesso a tais informações. Quatro bases de dados (Scopus, MEDLINE, LILACS e PubMed) foram estudadas utilizando-se as palavras-chave "Dirofilaria" ou "heartworm", os nomes dos países da América do Sul e o México. Nenhum registro foi encontrado para quatro países (Bolívia, Equador, Guiana Francesa e Uruguai) e para outros três (Suriname, Guiana e Paraguai) os registros eram antigos. Apenas o Chile é o território onde houve estudos registrados com ausência do parasita. Os outros países (México, Peru, Colômbia, Venezuela, Argentina e Brasil) apresentam registros com frequência variável no tempo ou no espaço. Assim, as informações reunidas indicam que infecções por D. immitis ocorrem na maior parte da América do Sul e no México e que os médicos veterinários devem instituir programas preventivos para garantir cuidados médicos de qualidade aos pacientes e para proteger a saúde destes e de suas famílias. Palavras chave: Verme do coração. Cão. Prevalência. Diagnóstico.

Large-scale survey for canine vector-borne parasites in free-ranging dogs and foxes from six diverse bioclimatic regions of Chile

“…All our sampled canids were free-ranging and most of them were never confined, reducing, therefore, the probability of transmission of the filarioid, which could explain the low infestation detected in our study. Finally, although Dirofilaria immitis appears to be well established in neighboring countries (Cuervo et al, 2013), our survey confirms that Chile is probably free of this nematode (Bendas et al, 2017).…”

Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs in Algodoal Island, Brazilian Amazon

“…Canine infection with Dirofilaria immitis has been studied across the five regions of Brazil with different infection rates recorded in 14 out of 26 states (Bendas et al 2017). Therefore, it is known that rates can vary over time and according to environmental or socioeconomic conditions (Labarthe et al 2014).…”

“…Dirofilariasis is a parasitic disease caused by filarial worm Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy 1856), also known as the heartworm (Bolio-Gonzalez et al 2007), affecting mainly domestic and wild canids (Batista et al 2008). Humans and felines, which may be accidental hosts, are more susceptible to infection in areas with high prevalence of the canine disease (Garcez et al 2006, Mirahmadi et al 2017, which is distributed all over the globe (Bolio-Gonzalez et al 2007, Bowman & Atkins 2009, Hou et al 2011, Simsek et al 2011, Montoya-Alonso et al 2015, Bendas et al 2017. It has been found in every geographical region of Brazil, with prevalence rates over the last decade ranging from 2.1% in Florianópolis, in the Southern state of Santa Catarina (SC), to 62.2% in Armação de Búzios, in the Southeastern state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) (Silva et al 2008, Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs in Algodoal Island, Brazilian Amazon Furtado et al 2009, Ogawa et al 2013, Labarthe et al 2014, Soares et al 2014, Ramos et al 2015.…”

Epidemiological analysis of Dirofilaria immitis (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) infecting pet dogs (Canis lupus familiaris, Linnaeus, 1758) in Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro

“…Severe disease includes signs of congestive right heart failure ( 4 ). An update on the South American seroprevalence showed that no infected dog has been reported in Chile and that in the other countries were the infection has been detected, prevalence rates range from 14.41% in Argentina to 1.6% in Colombia, 8.9% in Mexico, 5.5% in Peru and 15.2% in Venezuela ( 5 ). The overall prevalence of canine D. immitis infection in Brazil was 13.03% ( 6 ).…”