Auditory-visual interaction in single units in the orbito-insular cortex of the cat

Loe, P. R.; Benevento, L.A.

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(69)90089-3

Cited by 69 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…These would allow detection of temporal correspondence between visual and auditory inputs and their interaction at an early level of cortical processing, perhaps in parallel with the primary sensory and parasensory association cortices. In support of this hypothesis, are the results of single unit studies showing that both insular and superior collicular neuronal responses to combinations of visual and auditory stimuli are characteristically modulated by the amount of intermodal temporal delay (Loe and Benevento, 1969;Benevento et al, 1977;Meredith et al, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Neural Correlates of Auditory–Visual Stimulus Onset Asynchrony Detection

2001

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Intersensory temporal synchrony is an ubiquitous sensory attribute that has proven to be critical for binding multisensory inputs, sometimes erroneously leading to dramatic perceptual illusions. However, little is known about how the brain detects temporal synchrony between multimodal sensory inputs. We used positron emission tomography to demonstrate that detecting auditory-visual stimulus onset asynchrony activates a large-scale neural network of insular, posterior parietal, prefrontal, and cerebellar areas with the highest and task-specific activity localized to the right insula. Interregional covariance analysis further showed significant task-related functional interactions between the insula, the posterior thalamus, and superior colliculus. Based on these results and the available electrophysiological and anatomical connectivity data in animals, we propose that the insula, via its known short-latency connections with the tectal system, mediates temporally defined auditory-visual interaction at an early stage of cortical processing permitting phenomena such as the ventriloquist and the McGurk illusions.Key words: audiovisual asynchrony; temporal integration; insular cortex; PET; multisensory; cortical processing A fundamental brain function is to integrate information available to multiple sensory modalities producing a unified representation of the external world. Although multimodal sensory inputs from a single object or event normally coincide both in space and time, intersensory integration mechanisms seem to rely more critically on their temporal than spatial congruence (e.g., the ventriloquist effect) (Bertelson and Radeau, 1981). Indeed, the ability to detect and use temporal synchrony in associating multimodal sensory stimuli (e.g., sounds and visual events) has been demonstrated in human infants as young as 2 months (Lewkowicz, 1996(Lewkowicz, , 2000, and is believed to be operational at birth providing an innate capacity on which intermodal perception and associative learning are based (Spelke, 1987;Bahrick, 1992). Yet, the neural correlates for this basic process remain unknown. Using positron emission tomography (PET), we studied normal human subjects while performing a task requiring detection of auditory-visual stimulus onset asynchrony as well as a matched control condition. The PET experiment was designed for both paired image subtraction and correlational analysis methods. Brain regions specifically involved in temporal synchrony-asynchrony detection process were postulated where regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) responses during task performance are significantly higher than during the control condition and appropriately modulated as a function of increasing task demand. MATERIALS AND METHODSSubjects. T welve right-handed healthy volunteers (seven men, five women, ages 27-56 years) participated in behavioral and PET experiments after giving written informed consent.Behavioral task s. Subjects' ability to detect intermodal temporal mismatch between simple stationary auditory and visual st...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Neural Correlates of Auditory–Visual Stimulus Onset Asynchrony Detection

2001

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“…Multimodal neurons in the superior colliculus and insula have been implicated as candidates underlying the perception of audiovisual simultaneity [27] and lag adaptation [1]. Neurons in these areas actually respond to combinations of sound and light stimuli, and their responses are modulated by the stimulation interval [28], [29], [30]. In general, auditory responses in these areas are broadly tuned.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bayesian Calibration of Simultaneity in Audiovisual Temporal Order Judgments

et al. 2012

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After repeated exposures to two successive audiovisual stimuli presented in one frequent order, participants eventually perceive a pair separated by some lag time in the same order as occurring simultaneously (lag adaptation). In contrast, we previously found that perceptual changes occurred in the opposite direction in response to tactile stimuli, conforming to Bayesian integration theory (Bayesian calibration). We further showed, in theory, that the effect of Bayesian calibration cannot be observed when the lag adaptation was fully operational. This led to the hypothesis that Bayesian calibration affects judgments regarding the order of audiovisual stimuli, but that this effect is concealed behind the lag adaptation mechanism. In the present study, we showed that lag adaptation is pitch-insensitive using two sounds at 1046 and 1480 Hz. This enabled us to cancel lag adaptation by associating one pitch with sound-first stimuli and the other with light-first stimuli. When we presented each type of stimulus (high- or low-tone) in a different block, the point of simultaneity shifted to “sound-first” for the pitch associated with sound-first stimuli, and to “light-first” for the pitch associated with light-first stimuli. These results are consistent with lag adaptation. In contrast, when we delivered each type of stimulus in a randomized order, the point of simultaneity shifted to “light-first” for the pitch associated with sound-first stimuli, and to “sound-first” for the pitch associated with light-first stimuli. The results clearly show that Bayesian calibration is pitch-specific and is at work behind pitch-insensitive lag adaptation during temporal order judgment of audiovisual stimuli.

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“…The current results suggest that the Si may participate with the striatum and/or the amygdala to process safety signals. The Si in many species receives multisensory input that includes somatosensory, auditory and visual information (Loe and Benevento, 1969; Benedek et al, 1986; Cechetto and Saper, 1987; Benedek and Hicks, 1988; Hicks et al, 1988b, a; Hanamori et al, 1998; Zhang and Oppenheimer, 2000; Bamiou et al, 2003; Rodgers et al, 2008) and so it is well suited to develop the association or contingency between the signal and the absence of the stressor. Indeed when presented with stimuli from different modalities, the Si exhibits superlinear evoked potentials which suggest multisensory processing (Rodgers et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sensory Insular Cortex Mediates the Stress-Buffering Effects of Safety Signals But Not Behavioral Control

Christianson¹,

Benison²,

Jennings³

et al. 2008

J. Neurosci.

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Safety signals are learned cues that predict stress-free periods whereas behavioral control is the ability to modify a stressor by behavioral actions. Both serve to attenuate the effects of stressors such as uncontrollable shocks. Internal and external cues produced by a controlling behavior are followed by a stressor-free interval, and so it is possible that safety learning is fundamental to the effect of control. If this is the case then behavioral control and safety should recruit the same neural machinery. Interestingly, safety signals that prevented a behavioral outcome of stressor exposure that is also blocked by control (reduced social exploration) failed to inhibit activity in the dorsal raphé nucleus or use the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the mechanisms by which behavioral control operates. However, bilateral lesions to a region of posterior insular cortex, termed the "sensory insula," prevented the effect of safety but not of behavioral control, providing a double-dissociation. These results indicate that stressor-modulators can recruit distinct neural circuitry and imply a critical role of the sensory insula in safety learning.

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Auditory-visual interaction in single units in the orbito-insular cortex of the cat

Cited by 69 publications

References 5 publications

Neural Correlates of Auditory–Visual Stimulus Onset Asynchrony Detection

Neural Correlates of Auditory–Visual Stimulus Onset Asynchrony Detection

Bayesian Calibration of Simultaneity in Audiovisual Temporal Order Judgments

The Sensory Insular Cortex Mediates the Stress-Buffering Effects of Safety Signals But Not Behavioral Control

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