“…(Marescaux et al, 2004;Mutter et al, 2010;Nozaki et al, 2012;Pratt et al, 2012)) proposed manual alignment of pre-operatively and intra-operatively acquired images. The majority of (semi-) automatic approaches for registering the endoscopic image data with 3D anatomical data acquired pre-or intra-operatively are either marker-based (Baumhauer et al, 2008;Falk et al, 2005;Ieiri et al, 2011;Marvik et al, 2004;Megali et al, 2008;Mourgues et al, 2003;Simpfendorfer et al, 2011;Suzuki et al, 2008) or use external tracking devices that are initially calibrated with respect to the imaging modality (Ukimura and Gill, 2008;Konishi et al, 2007;Shekhar et al, 2010;Feuerstein et al, 2008;Konishi et al, 2007;Feuerstein et al, 2007;Leven et al, 2005;Blackall et al, 2000)). In an alternative approach, reconstructed surface data may be used to perform the registration with pre-operative models (Audette et al, 2000).…”