Augmented reality techniques, using mobile devices, for learning human anatomy

Recent Developments and Future Challenges in Medical Mixed Reality

“…Mobile AR is expected to play a major role in medical/patient education and rehabilitation applications where accuracy of tracking is not critical. Table 2 provides [62] Personal Health Poster Vuforia Samsung Galaxy S5 Kilgus et al (2015) [63] Forensic Pathological Autospy MITK * Apple iPad 2 Soeiro et al (2015) [64] Brain Visulization Metaio Samsung Galaxy S4 Juanes et al (2014) [65] Human Anatomy Education Vuforia Apple iPad Kramers et al (2014) [66] Neurosurgical Guidance Vuforia HTC Smartphone mARble R (2014) [67] Dermatology Education Not Mentioned Apple iPhone 4 Mobile RehApp TM (2014) [68] Ankle Sprain Rehabilitation Vuforia Apple iPad Virag et al (2014) [69] Medical Image Visulization JSARToolKit Any device with browser Grandi et al (2014) [70] Surgery Planning Vuforia Apple iPad 3 Debarba et al (2012) [71] Hepatectomy Planning ARToolkit Apple iPod Touch Ubi-REHAB (2011) [72] Stroke Rehabilitation Not Mentioned Android Smartphone * Medical Imaging Interaction Toolkit a summary of mobile medical AR apps currently available. Most use marker-based tracking that rely on the position and focus of the markers and will not work in poor lighting conditions.…”

A Critical Analysis of Usability and Learning Methods on an Augmented Reality Application for Zoology Education

“…Another study [22] is about how to create educational software using augmented reality combined with Bloom's Taxonomy, whose main purpose was to stimulate spatial reasoning by improving the children's learning process. In another investigation [23], an application has been created which takes a specific image of an anatomy atlas and converts it into a three-dimensional and dynamic model , which allows improving the interactivity of the student in the learning process, in that system they are stored in a database the different scanned photos of the anatomy atlas and then are consulted by the application, they made the three-dimensional models in Unity3D and Maya, one of the most important points of that research is that it encourages students' self-learning.…”

e-Learning in regional anesthesia

“…Increase learner engagement, performance gain, and behavioral change Mobile learning [17] Mobile apps [18] Personalized learning [19] Digitization of ILT [20] Performance support tools [21] Informal learning [22] Social learning [23,24] Self-directed learning [25,26] Provide immersive learning experiences Microlearning [27] Gamification [28,29] Video-based learning [30] AR/VR and MR (immersive learning) [31][32][33][34] Evaluate impact and improve learning yields Learning experience platforms Learner analytics [35] Artificial intelligence [36,37] AR, augmented reality; ILT, instructor-led-training; MR, mixed-reality; VR, virtual reality. Adapted from [16].…”

“…There is no doubt that electronic resources have revolutionized access to this content through e-Libraries and e-books. While images from Gray's Anatomy , the gold standard text for anatomy, are available online as a static text, a plethora of interactive three-dimensional anatomical atlases is emerging [38], including the ability to convert two-dimensional anatomical images taken on a smartphone into rotatable three-dimensional images [31]. Interactive functions such as the ability to view images from different perspectives, quizzes, hyperlinks to supplemental images and text, provide for a superior learning experience with better retention of technical information [39].…”