Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) protects human hepatocytes against apoptosis

Clinical Implications of Augmenter of Liver Regeneration in Cancer: A Systematic Review

“…Full-text review eliminated one article that was an editorial and did not contain original data. Ultimately, 12 articles were included in the present review (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Study characteristics are summarized in Table I.…”

“…Namely, ALR was elevated in well to moderately differentiated tumors when compared to poorly differentiated ones. In another study, in vitro treatment with ALR does not appear to reduce apoptosis in bronchial, colonic, gastric, and pancreatic malignant cell lines (15). In T cell leukemia, cultured cells were observed to upregulate ALR compared to normal primary T lymphocytes (18).…”

“…Other cancers. Five studies discussed cancers other than HCC (14,15,16,17,18). Gatzidou and colleagues observed elevated ALR levels in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue and cell lines when compared to matched non-neoplastic tissue or controls, respectively (14).…”

In vitro systems: current limitations and future perspectives

“…Clearly, in vitro systems represent one of the most popular topics in our journal (Godoy et al 2013;Azqueta and Collins 2013;Hessel et al 2013;Jiang et al 2013;Liu et al 2013;Fraczek et al 2013;Leist and Hartung 2013). This seems to represent a general trend in toxicological sciences (Weng et al 2014;Waldmann et al 2014;Karlsson et al 2013;Onrubia et al 2013;Lake et al 2013;Houston et al 2012;Hardelauf et al 2011;Ilowski et al 2011;Gabriel et al 2012;Hammad et al 2013) but also in other disciplines of biomedical research (Zellmer et al 2010;Godoy et al 2009Godoy et al , 2010aIlowski et al 2010;Meyer et al 2011). In the Archives of Toxicology, in vitro systems are used to study mechanisms of action of toxic compounds, a traditional strategy since decades (Chen et al 2013;Qu et al 2013; One possibility would be to identify compounds for which in vivo blood concentrations (nonprotein bound) in humans are known and the risk of adverse effects in humans is clearly established.…”

Highlight report: towards the replacement of in vivo repeated dose systemic toxicity testing

“…It is also well established that induction or inhibition of detoxifying enzymes (Gebhardt et al 2003;Hengstler et al 2000;Hewitt et al 2007) or protective factors (Ilowski et al 2010(Ilowski et al , 2011 plays an important role in repeated dose toxicity. Moreover, much progress has been achieved in physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling to predict relevant concentrations for in vitro testing (Mielke et al 2011).…”