Augmenting fish health usingEmblica officinalisagainst triarylmethane dye induced blood toxicity inCyprinus carpio

Abstract

Blood is a sensitive bioindicator of stress observed by organisms in response to toxicants. Erythrocytic morphological abnormalities serve as a reliable determinant of fish health. Malachite green, a multifunctional dye was assessed for toxicity in Cyprinus carpio. Dye‐induced blood toxicity has been determined through biochemical and ultra structural endpoints at 15, 30 and 60 days in the fish. Further, an attempt has been made to combat the adverse effects of the toxicant through supplementation with Emblica officinalis. Electron microscopic study depicted erythrocytic remodelling in form of surface blebbing, lobopodial projections and shrinkage; appearance of crenate, acanthocytes, echinocytes, dacrocytes, spherocytes and rhomboidal cells. Hepatic marker enzymes showed significantly (p < 0.05) elevated levels of biomarker enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase. Contrarily feeding with E. officinalis extract (1,000 mg/kg feed) significantly attenuated biochemical and morphological alterations, indicating the protective efficacy of E. officinalis. Both toxicity and attenuation observed were in exposure‐dependent manner.

Protective Effect of Emblica officinalis in Cyprinus carpio against Hepatotoxicity Induced by Malachite Green: Ultrastructural and Molecular Analysis

“…Observed phytochemical components in EO extract were gallic acid (640.1 ± 5.440 mg/g, RT-3.139 min) and ascorbic acid (197.7 ± 4.378 mg/g, RT-2.668 min). Diet supplement was prepared by adding 1000 mg of the ethanolic extract of E. officinalis (EO) per kg of the fish feed, as described previously [9]. The ingredients were combined to make dough, pelleted to about 3 ± 1 mm granules and were fed to the fish twice a day.…”

“…It is vividly used in dyeing textiles, leather, paper, fur, and confectionaries [2][3][4][5]. The unrestricted release of dye effluents in water poses non-targeted toxicity to the fish and aquatic organisms, affecting their vision, physiology, genetic constitution, and histology [6][7][8][9]. Despite its reported toxicity, it is still being used illegally in many Asian countries (India and Bangladesh) as an aquaculture therapeutant in Saprolegniasis and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection [10][11][12][13][14].…”

Visualization of poikilocytosis as an emerging erythrocytic biomarker for fish health assessment

“…Acanthocytosis has been associated with liver dysfunction [29], suggesting a possible link between drug administration, organ damage, and poikilocytosis. In fish, acanthocytes have been observed during hemolytic, microcytic, and normocytic anemia induced by heavy metal intoxication, paper mill effluents, pharmaceutical application, pesticide application, and many more [50,75,96,100], but their pathological significance has not been studied yet. Acanthocytes have been observed in every reported case of poikilocytosis in fish (Table 2).…”

“…Teardrop cells, or dacrocytes, are associated with thermal stress, heavy metal toxicity, irradiation, neoplasms, splenic abnormalities, oxidative stress, vitamin B12 and iron deficiencies, and hemolytic anemia in fish [5,50,77,82,85,107,165]. True dacrocytes exhibit blunted tips and point in different directions, while artifact teardrop cells have sharply pointed ends in the same direction [8].…”

Aqueous wastewater treatment with aluminum oxide, silica, and alginite

“…Dyes and their contaminants in effluents discharged into water bodies have a negative environmental impact, especially on marine ecosystems. Dyes absorb light and prevent oxygen circulation making it for photosynthetic aquatic plants and algae more difficult to grow (Berradi et al, 2019;Elshaarawy et al, 2017;Khalid et al, 2010;Sinha & Jindal, 2019). Wastewaters can lead a variety of harmful issues, including changes in the water quality (color and odor).…”