Australian bat lyssavirus infection in two horses

Shinwari, Mustaghfira Wafa; Annand, Edward J.; Driver, Luke; Warrilow, David; Harrower, Bruce; Allcock, Richard J. N.; Pukallus, Dennis; Harper, Jennifer; Bingham, John; Kung, Nina; Diallo, Ibrahim S.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.07.029

Cited by 25 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…This was probably attributable to increased community awareness of ABLV in the context of bat exposures following the reporting (both through Queensland Health and the media) of a human death from ABLV in February 2013 [8], and of the first confirmed ABLV infections in two horses in May 2013 [10]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eight people were exposed to two ABLV infected horses which were first confirmed in 2013 [10]. Spillover of ABLV from natural reservoir bats to horses raises the question of whether ABLV can transmit to other animals, such as dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar exposure to other mammals in Australia with confirmed ABLV infection was also considered as a potential exposure to ABLV. For the reporting period there were two horses [10] and one human [8] with confirmed ABLV infection reported in Queensland, Australia.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential Exposures to Australian Bat Lyssavirus Notified in Queensland, Australia, 2009−2014

Marquess

Donnan

et al. 2016

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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BackgroundAustralian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) belongs to the genus Lyssavirus which also includes classic rabies virus and the European lyssaviruses. To date, the only three known human ABLV cases, all fatal, have been reported from Queensland, Australia. ABLV is widely distributed in Australian bats, and any bite or scratch from an Australian bat is considered a potential exposure to ABLV.Methodology/Principal FindingsPotential exposure to ABLV has been a notifiable condition in Queensland since 2005. We analysed notification data for potential exposures occurring between 2009 and 2014. There were 1,515 potential exposures to ABLV notified in Queensland, with an average annual notification rate of 5.6 per 100,000 population per year. The majority of notified individuals (96%) were potentially exposed to ABLV via bats, with a small number of cases potentially exposed via two ABLV infected horses and an ABLV infected human. The most common routes of potential exposure were through bat scratches (47%) or bites (37%), with less common routes being mucous membrane/broken skin exposure to bat saliva/brain tissue (2.2%). Intentional handling of bats by the general public was the major cause of potential exposures (56% of notifications). Examples of these potential exposures included people attempting to rescue bats caught in barbed wire fences/fruit tree netting, or attempting to remove bats from a home. Following potential exposures, 1,399 cases (92%) were recorded as having appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) as defined in national guidelines, with the remainder having documentation of refusal or incomplete PEP. Up to a quarter of notifications occurred after two days from the potential exposure, but with some delays being more than three weeks. Of 393 bats available for testing during the reporting period, 20 (5.1%) had ABLV detected, including four species of megabats (all flying foxes) and one species of microbats (yellow-bellied sheathtail bat).Conclusions/SignificancePublic health strategies should address the strong motivation of some members of the public to help injured bats or bats in distress, by emphasising that their action may harm the bat and put themselves at risk of the fatal ABLV infection. Alternative messaging should include seeking advice from professional animal rescue groups, or in the event of human contact, public health units. Further efforts are required to ensure that when potential exposure occurs, timely reporting and appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis occur.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential Exposures to Australian Bat Lyssavirus Notified in Queensland, Australia, 2009−2014

Marquess

Donnan

et al. 2016

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…The FAT and immune-histo-chemistry (IHC) assay confirmed the presence of Australian bat lyssa virus (ABLV) antigen in horse brain tissues (Shinwari et al, 2014). A FAT assay has been used for the direct identification of bacterial Helicobacter on the equine gastric mucosa (Perkins et al, 2012).…”

Section: Fluorescent Antibody Test (Fat)mentioning

confidence: 97%

Biotechnological tools for diagnosis of equine infectious diseases

Prasad¹,

Brar²,

Ikbal³

et al. 2016

JEBAS

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Rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases and appropriate treatment with in time are important steps that promote optimal clinical outcomes and general public health. Today there is large number of new technologies such as nanotechnology, biosensors, and microarray techniques, are being developed and used as diagnostic tools for equine infectious diseases. Nucleic acid based techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have become conventional tools in veterinary research and plays an important role in specific typing determinations as well as for rapid screening of ample numbers of samples at the time of equine disease outbreaks. Other biotechnological techniques are populous to be used in the coming times as they can enhance diagnostic efficacy in less time and cost as compared to conventional techniques. This review focuses on biotechnological tools available for equine diseases diagnosis and its applications hold great promise for improving the speed and accuracy of diagnostics for equine infectious diseases.

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“…In early 2013, the microchiropteran strain killed two horses through natural spillover (occurs when a reservoir population with a high pathogen prevalence comes into contact with a novel host population). Both horses presented with neurological signs and viral RNA was found in brain tissue and saliva . Dogs and cats can also be experimentally infected with ABLV .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of rabies vaccination status of Queensland veterinarians and veterinary students

et al. 2018

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Queensland veterinarians and veterinary students have low levels of protection against ABLV. Although incidents of ABLV spilling over from a bat to a domestic mammal are likely to remain rare, they pose a significant human health and occupational risk given the outcome of infection in humans is high consequence. Principals of veterinary practices and veterinary authorities in Australia should implement a policy of rabies vaccination for clinical staff and veterinary students.

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Australian bat lyssavirus infection in two horses

Cited by 25 publications

References 37 publications

Potential Exposures to Australian Bat Lyssavirus Notified in Queensland, Australia, 2009−2014

Potential Exposures to Australian Bat Lyssavirus Notified in Queensland, Australia, 2009−2014

Biotechnological tools for diagnosis of equine infectious diseases

Survey of rabies vaccination status of Queensland veterinarians and veterinary students

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