“…The difficulty in making a decision between a primary organ-sparing approach and early cystectomy was described to rate a 10, when using a grading scale of 0-10 with 10 being the most difficult [33]. It is well established that the integration of radiotherapy (RT) or radiochemotherapy (RCT) has improved organ and function preservation as well as the outcome in many other malignancies [15,18,28,34,40,46,47,54,61]. This review deals with the standard diagnostic and treatment options for high-risk superficial bladder cancer and compares the results of these various strategies with a combined-modality approach, consisting of transurethral tumor resection (TUR) followed by RT/RCT.…”