Authentication of Piper betle L . folium and quantification of their antifungal-activity

Abstract

The TLC profiles of intra- and inter-day precision for Piper betle L. (PBL) folium methanol extract was studied for their peak marker recognition and identification. The Numerical chromatographic parameters (NCPs) of the peak markers, the hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and the principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to authenticate the PBL. folium extract from other Piper species folium extract and to ensure the antifungal activity quality of the PBL essential oil. The spotted extract was developed with the mobile phase of toluene: ethyl acetate; 93:7, (v/v). The eluted plate was viewed with the TLC-Visualizer, scanned under absorption and fluorescent mode detection, and on each sample the in-situ UV spectra were recorded between 190 to 400 nm.The NCPs profiles of intra- and inter-day precision results offered multi-dimensional chromatogram fingerprints for better marker peak pattern recognition and identification. Using the r-value fingerprints data series generated with this method allowed more precise discrimination the PBL. from other Piper species compared to the marker peak area fingerprint method. The cosine pair comparison was a simple method for authentication of two different fingerprints. The ward linkage clustering and the pair cross-correlation comparison were better chemometric methods to determine the consistency peak area ratio between fingerprints. The first component PCA-loading values of peak marker area fingerprints were correlated linearly to both the bio-marker concentration as well as the antifungal activity. This relationship could be used to control the quality and pharmacological potency. This simple method was developed for the authentication and quantification of herbal medicine.

Implementation of chemometrics as a Solution to detecting and preventing falsification of herbal medicines in Southeast Asia: A review

“…Using PCA, antifungal activity can be determined from the first component's PCA, which linearly correlated to the biomarker used. This method proved it can be used to predict the antifungal activity from P. betle L. (Wirasuta et al, 2017).…”

“…The result of PCA and HCA was comparable and the three principal components accounted for >80.5%. The other studies conducted similar analysis and concluded that chemometrics PCA and HCA allowed the discrimination between the varieties based on metabolite fingerprint or volatile compounds (Azemin et al, 2018;Maulidiani et al, 2012;Srisopon et al, 2019;Wirasuta et al, 2017) Meanwhile, Rafi et al ( 2018) identified and discriminated Curcuma species. All of the four species are closely related and used as herbal drinks and food supplements in Indonesia.…”

“…In the present day, chemometrics has been widely developed and used as a tool to help researchers simplify and interpret complex data. Implementation of chemometrics for authentication of herbal medicine in Southeast Asia performed well for the authentication of herbal medicines (Nurrulhidayah et al, 2011;Triyasmono et al, 2020), species classification (Khan et al, 2020;Rohaeti et al, 2015), origin determination (Braley and Hondrogiannis, 2020;Mercer et al, 2019), and activity related to quality determination (Kiani et al, 2019;Saidan et al, 2015;Wirasuta et al, 2017). The limitation of chemometrics was caused mainly by the limited data obtained.…”

Conversion of Metabolomic Data to Genomic Marker for Genetic Characterization of Piper betle L. Chemotypes: A Review

“…Though the mode of the study was purely related to pharmaceutical authenticity of the components depending on PCA and HCA profiling. The method was not able to differentiate Piper nigrum from Piper betle cluster and was not strong enough to differentiate cultivars under Piper betle species (Wirasuta et al, 2016). Though the TLC-densitometric study of different commercial varieties and heterogeneous relative frequency (hRf) value based discrimination could be applied to assess the level of cultivar complexity.…”

The Prediction of Curcumin Content in the Turmeric Rhizome with Raman Handheld Spectroscopy

“…The analytical method should provide the phytochemical fingerprint, which utilizes the authenticity and quality control of raw material and the preparations. 4 The Raman spectrum offers qualitative and quantitative information of the measured substances. The handheld Raman could be used for field quality control of curcumin contain in the turmeric rhizome.…”