Authenticity, Integrity, and Replay Protection in Quantum Data Communications and Networking

Barbeau, Michel; Kranakis, Evangelos; Perez, Nicolas

doi:10.1145/3517341

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Fundamental properties are authenticity, confidentiality, integrity, and replay protection. [7][8][9] We focus on the authenticity, confidentiality, integrity, and replay protection of quantum messages. An authenticity attack deceives the destination about the trustworthy source of a message.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An authenticity attack deceives the destination about the trustworthy source of a message. 7,9 Mitigating the authenticity attack requires a proof of the source identity in a message. Confidentiality protection mitigates the risk of disclosing or leaking information contained in messages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such protection schemes need to be lightweight (few additional qubits are required to implement a security scheme). The solution integrates two existing cryptographic schemes: Clifford-operator based authentication 9 and quantum permutation pad (QPP). 10 In this context, lightweight means that few additional qubits are required to implement a security scheme.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantum data communication protection with the quantum permutation pad block cipher in counter mode and Clifford operators

Barbeau

2023

F1000Res

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Background: This article integrates two cryptographic schemes for quantum data protection. The result achieves authentification, confidentiality, integrity, and replay protection. The authentication, integrity, and replay aspects leverage quantum Clifford operators. Confidentiality of quantum messages is achieved using the quantum permutation pad (QPP) cryptographic scheme. Methods: Clifford operators and the QPP are combined into a block cipher in counter mode. A shared secret is used to seed a random number generator for the arbitrary selection of Clifford operators and quantum permutations to produce a signature field and perform encryption. An encryption and signature algorithm and a decryption and authentication algorithm are specified to protect quantum messages. Results: A symmetric key block cipher with authentication is described. The plain text is signed with a sequence of randomly selected Clifford operators. The signed plaintext is encrypted with a sequence of randomly selected permutations. The algorithms are analyzed. As a function of the values selected for the security parameters, there is an unavoidable risk of collision. The probability of block collision is modelled versus the number of blocks encrypted, for block sizes two, three, four, and five qubits. Conclusions: The scheme is practical but does not achieve perfect indistinguishability because of the risk of message collision. This is normal and unavoidable when fixed-size fields are assumed to make a scheme practical. The model can be used to determine the values of the security parameters and the lifetime of session keys to mitigate the risk of information leakage according to the needs of the scheme’s users. The session key can be renewed when a tolerable maximum number of messages has been sent.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantum data communication protection with the quantum permutation pad block cipher in counter mode and Clifford operators

Barbeau

2023

F1000Res

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“…For instance, challenges exist in relation to secret key rate, transmission distance, size, cost, imperfect physical devices, signal-to-noise ratio, and practical security [3,18,19]. Moreover, other challenges are associated with imperfections in communication channels, for instance, quantum data communications and networking, underwater communication, satellite communication, and fiber-optic communication [20][21][22][23][24]. A QCC protocol is ideally secure only when it employs perfect single-photon sources and detectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tripartite Quantum Key Distribution Implemented with Imperfect Sources

Sekga

Mafu

2022

Optics

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Multipartite quantum key distribution (QKD) is a promising area of quantum networks that provides unconditional secret keys among multiple parties, enabling only legitimate users to decrypt the encrypted message. However, security proofs of existing multipartite QKD typically assume perfect state preparation devices of legitimate users and neglect the relative rotation of reference frames. These presumptions are, nevertheless, very difficult to meet in practice, and thus the security of current multipartite QKD implementations is not guaranteed. By combining the idea of a loss tolerant technique, introduced by Tamaki et al. (K. Tamaki et al., Phys. Rev. A, 90, 052314, 2014), and the concept of a reference frame-independent protocol, we propose a three-party QKD protocol that considers state preparation flaws and the slow drift of reference frames. Through a numerical simulation, the influence of misaliged reference frames on the protocol’s stability was examined by drifting reference frames through angles β=π/5, β=π/6 and β=π/7. In addition, the performance of the proposed protocol was examined for the encoding flaws set at δ=0.35, δ=0.20, and δ=0.10. The results show that the protocol is robust against state preparation flaws, and is insignificantly impacted by misalignment of the reference frames because the achieved transmission distances and secret key rates are comparable to the perfect scenarios. This work dramatically contributes toward the realization of practical and secure multipartite QKD. The proposed protocol has direct applications in quantum communication network environments that involve unknown and slowly varying reference frames, web conferences, and online communications.

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“…The work in [21] showed that the Clifford code QMA scheme can also be extended to include replay detection.…”

Section: Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient Quantum Message Authentication Scheme

Pérez¹

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Quantum networking is the study of transmitting data that uses quantum mechanics principles (quantum messages). This thesis describes an algorithm that detects when an adversary maliciously modifies a quantum message (an integrity attack).The algorithm is analyzed in terms of its ability to detect an integrity attack and its efficiency in terms of classical computational complexity and the number of quantum basic gates used. It is rigorously compared to the Clifford code quantum message authentication (QMA) scheme. It offers a trade-off compared to the Clifford code QMA scheme in terms of integrity attack detection versus efficiency: reduced detection rates and improved efficiency. The new algorithm is conjectured to satisfy a more lax alternative definition of QMA. As a consequence of developing this new algorithm, a novel method for unranking permutations of multisets is also presented. i My girlfriend provided me with an immense amount of support in more ways than I can say. She, along with my cats Steve and Bucky, were an appreciated source of comfort and humour and kept me good company during the isolating times of the COVID pandemic.I used to ask my dad repeatedly while I was a small child: "What doing dad, what doing?", whilst he was tinkering around. He would let me watch and explain to me what he was doing. I used to ask my mom repeatedly: "Why? Why? Why?", when asking her about how the world worked. She would try her best to answer my questions! Both of them helped me become curious and want to know more about the world. I am thankful for the support of all my family and friends.

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Authenticity, Integrity, and Replay Protection in Quantum Data Communications and Networking

Cited by 5 publications

References 46 publications

Quantum data communication protection with the quantum permutation pad block cipher in counter mode and Clifford operators

Quantum data communication protection with the quantum permutation pad block cipher in counter mode and Clifford operators

Tripartite Quantum Key Distribution Implemented with Imperfect Sources

An Efficient Quantum Message Authentication Scheme

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