Auto-Encoder-Enabled Anomaly Detection in Acceleration Data: Use Case Study in Container Handling Operations

Abstract

The sudden increase in containerization volumes around the globe has increased the overall number of cargo losses, infrastructure damage, and human errors. Most critical losses occur during handling procedures performed by port cranes while sliding the containers to the inner bays of the ship along the vertical cell guides, damaging the main metal frames and causing the structure to deform and lose its integrity and stability. Strong physical impacts may occur at any given moment, thus in-time information is critical to ensure the clarity of the processes without halting operations. This problem has not been addressed fully in the recent literature, either by researchers of the engineering community or by the logistics companies’ representatives. In this paper, we have analyzed the conventional means used to detect these critical impacts and found that they are outdated, having no real-time assessment capability, only post-factum visual evaluation results. More reliable and in-time information could benefit many actors in the transportation chain, making transportation processes more efficient, safer, and reliable. The proposed solution incorporates the monitoring hardware unit and the analytics mechanism, namely the auto-encoder technology, that uses the acceleration parameter to identify sensor data anomalies and informs the end-user if these critical impacts occurred during handling procedures. The proposed auto-encoder analytical method is compared with the impacts detection methodology (IDM), and the result indicates that the proposed solution is well capable of detecting critical events by analyzing the curves of reshaped signals, detecting the same impacts as the IDM, while improving the speed of the short-term detection periods. We managed to detect–predict between 9 and 18 impacts, depending on the axis of container sway. An experimental study suggests that if programmed correctly, the auto-encoder (AE) can be used to detect deviations in time-series events in different container handling scenarios.

Signal Novelty Detection as an Intrinsic Reward for Robotics

“…AutoEncoder is one of the techniques utilized in deep neural networks for identifying anomalies in robotic sensor signals [31]. This approach involves training on previously observed states from the experience replay buffer (RB) [32], and then predicting future states based on those observations.…”

Lightweight Network with Variable Asymmetric Rebalancing Strategy for Small and Imbalanced Fault Diagnosis

“…To verify the superiority of the intelligent fault diagnosis method proposed in this paper, some classical class imbalanced diagnosis frameworks are selected as the comparison frameworks, such as those based on SMOTE [19], ADASYN [46], VAE [47] and GAN [48]. The specific comparison results on two class imbalance data sets with different levels of severity are shown in Figure 21.…”

Statistical Evaluation of the Impacts Detection Methodology (IDM) to Detect Critical Damage Occurrences during Quay Cranes Handling Operations

“…Further investigations resulted in the development of the impacts detection methodology (IDM), which has proved its value in handling operations as an embedded solution in the Klaipeda city port [23]. It was experimentally tested and the prototype system was validated in actual handling activities at LKAB "Klaipedos Smelte" container terminal [24]. As our previous research suggested, as well as the results of [1,[25][26][27] indicate, the topic of container structural health monitoring is a hot topic, and therefore improvements of the IDM must be researched more.…”