Autoimmune and inflammatory mechanisms of CNS damage

Kapadia, Minesh; Šakić, Boris

doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.008

Cited by 68 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 512 publications

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“…The inflammatory process is typically highly regulated, consisting of signals that initiate and maintain inflammation, and signals that inhibit the process (4,5). Due to the importance of activated macrophages in the initiation and amplification of a variety of inflammatory diseases, therapeutic methods to reduce the number of activated macrophages, inhibit their activation signals and/or specific macrophage receptors, or to selectively counteract macrophage products, are under investigation for controlling inflammatory diseases (1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TNF-α and IL-1β are considered to be critical cytokines in the inflammatory cytokine network, and are produced as a result of endotoxin exposure (2)(3)(4)(5). Furthermore, TNF-α and IL-1β are important for promoting the expression of iNOS, in addition to the production of other cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-8 (21,25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, excessive inflammatory responses may result in decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (1,2,4,5). The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, which are characterized by chronic inflammation, may be influenced by pro-and anti-inflammatory factors, as well as dysregulation of inflammatory immune responses (5,6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Anti-inflammatory potential of total saponins derived from the roots of Panax ginseng in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Jang

Choi

et al. 2015

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Abstract. Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), is a widely known traditional medicine that has been utilized throughout Asia for several thousand years. Ginseng saponins exert various important pharmacological effects regarding the control of a number of diseases. The aim of the present study was to identify the anti-inflammatory effects of total saponins extracted from ginseng (TSG) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. The inhibitory effects of TSG on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) protein expression were determined by measuring the levels of nitrite and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of TSG on the mRNA expression levels and localizations of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), IL-1β and TNF-α, and their upstream signaling proteins, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), were investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Following stimulation with LPS, elevated levels of NO production were detected in RAW 264.7 cells; however, TSG pretreatment significantly inhibited the production of NO (P<0.05), by suppressing the expression of iNOS. In addition, LPS-stimulated TNF-α and IL-1β production was significantly reduced by TSG (P<0.05). In the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, NF-κB was translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus, whilst TSG pretreatment induced the sequestration of NF-κB in the cytosol by inhibiting inhibitor of κB degradation. TSG also contributed to downregulation of MAPKs in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggested that TSG may exert anti-inflammatory activity, and that TSG may be considered a potential therapeutic for the treatment of inflammatory diseases associated with macrophage activation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Anti-inflammatory potential of total saponins derived from the roots of Panax ginseng in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Jang

Choi

et al. 2015

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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“…These changes largely account for impaired social/sexual activity and preservation of energy for defensive immune reactions. However, when acute conditions turn chronic (as seen in many immunological, endocrine and neurological diseases), behavioral performance can further deteriorate due to structural damage of various organs, including the brain 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST)

Šakić

Cooper

Taylor

et al. 2015

JoVE

Self Cite

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Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of chronic CNS disorders, there is an increasing demand for murine models with high validity at the behavioral level. However, multiple pathogenic mechanisms and complex functional deficits often impose challenges to reliably measure and interpret behavior of chronically sick mice. Therefore, the assessment of peripheral pathology and a behavioral profile at several time points using a battery of tests are required. Video-tracking, behavioral spectroscopy, and remote acquisition of physiological measures are emerging technologies that allow for comprehensive, accurate, and unbiased behavioral analysis in a home-base-like setting. This report describes a refined phenotyping protocol, which includes a custom-made monitoring apparatus (Integrated Behavioral Station, INBEST) that focuses on prolonged measurements of basic functional outputs, such as spontaneous activity, food/water intake and motivated behavior in a relatively stress-free environment. Technical and conceptual improvements in INBEST design may further promote reproducibility and standardization of behavioral studies.

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“…It interests about 20-40% of the old population over 85 years and is characterized by cognitive dysfunction as memory loss, language difficulties, visuospatial deficits, impairment in judgment and decision-making, deficit in higher and subsequently in basic daily activities, behavioral disturbances and psychiatric alterations. The classical AD pathologic hallmarks are senile plaques made by extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition and neurofibrillary tangles made of hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins [1]. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheumatoid Arthritis and Alzheimer Disease: Possible Cellular and Molecular Links

Bahat

Tufan²,

Akın³

et al. 2012

J Gerontol Geriatric Res

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Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia of the old population over 85 years. AD pathogenesis is multifactorial and several findings support the neuroinflammatory pathogenetic hypothesis. There is an inverse relationship between AD and Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) due to different factors. Among them, NSAIDs use acting both on amyloid formation and COX enzymes has been supposed to play a protective role on AD risk. Moreover, new insights on colony stimulating factors (GM-CSF, M-CSF and G-CSF) pathways in immune cells differentiation suggested a possible cellular link between AR and the AD onset. Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, accounts for 50-60% of all dementia cases. It interests about 20-40% of the old population over 85 years and is characterized by cognitive dysfunction as memory loss, language difficulties, visuospatial deficits, impairment in judgment and decision-making, deficit in higher and subsequently in basic daily activities, behavioral disturbances and psychiatric alterations. The classical AD pathologic hallmarks are senile plaques made by extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition and neurofibrillary tangles made of hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins [1].

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Autoimmune and inflammatory mechanisms of CNS damage

Cited by 68 publications

References 512 publications

Anti-inflammatory potential of total saponins derived from the roots of Panax ginseng in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Anti-inflammatory potential of total saponins derived from the roots of Panax ginseng in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST)

Rheumatoid Arthritis and Alzheimer Disease: Possible Cellular and Molecular Links

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