Automated enzymatic assays for the determination of intestinal permeability probes in urine. 1. Lactulose and lactose

Northrop, Christine A.; Lunn, P. G.; Behrens, Ronald H.

doi:10.1016/0009-8981(90)90333-n

Cited by 88 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…A bolus of 15 ml/kg body wt was given 3 h before euthanasia after withdrawal of feeds for 3 h. At the time of euthanasia, urine was collected by intra-abdominal cystocentesis. The urine samples were stored at Ϫ20°C and analyzed spectrophotometrically by an end-point assay, as previously described (5,7,34). Galactose test.…”

Section: Animals and Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid gut growth but persistent delay in digestive function in the postnatal period of preterm pigs

Hansen

Thymann

Andersen

et al. 2016

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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Preterm infants often tolerate full enteral nutrition a few weeks after birth but it is not known how this is related to gut maturation. Using pigs as models, we hypothesized that intestinal structure and digestive function are similar in preterm and term individuals at 3-4 wk after birth and that early enteral nutrition promotes maturation. Preterm or term cesareandelivered pigs were fed total parenteral nutrition, or partial enteral nutrition [Enteral (Ent), 16 -64 ml·kg Ϫ1 ·day Ϫ1 of bovine colostrum] for 5 days, followed by full enteral milk feeding until day 26. The intestine was collected for histological and biochemical analyses at days 0, 5, and 26 (n ϭ 8 -12 in each of 10 treatment groups). Intestinal weight (relative to body weight) was reduced in preterm pigs at 0 -5 days but ENT feeding stimulated the mucosal volume and peptidase activities. Relative to term pigs, mucosal volume remained reduced in preterm pigs until 26 days although plasma glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) and glucose-dependent insulin-trophic peptide (GIP) levels were increased. Preterm pigs also showed reduced hexose absorptive capacity and brush-border enzyme (sucrase, maltase) activities at 26 days, relative to term pigs. Intestinal structure shows a remarkable growth adaptation in the first week after preterm birth, especially with enteral nutrition, whereas some digestive functions remain immature until at least 3-4 wk. It is important to identify feeding regimens that stimulate intestinal maturation in the postnatal period of preterm infants because some intestinal functions may show long-term developmental delay. prematurity; gut development; enzymes; digestion; glucagon-like peptide 2 ABOUT 10% OF ALL INFANTS are born preterm (Ͻ37 weeks of gestation) and the proportion is increasing in most countries (6). Preterm infants show an increased susceptibility to infections, respiratory distress syndrome, intracranial hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, extrauterine growth restriction, neurodevelopmental disturbances, and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (21, 31). The challenges are inversely related to gestational age at birth and the most severe adaptation problems occur during the first few weeks after birth. If preterm infants survive the difficult neonatal period, their body functions often adapt well, although some organ systems may show long-term developmental delay or deficits (18). It remains unknown how different organ systems adapt in preterm infants and when parameters of structure and function become similar to those in term infants. For gastrointestinal (GI) functions, eating disorders and dysregulated appetite have been reported in preterm infants (44) but very little is known about the long-term adaptation of the GI tract in preterm neonates.Investigations of postnatal GI adaptation in preterm neonates are difficult without an animal model that combines preterm birth, high NEC risk, and clinically relevant feeding interventions, such as parenteral and enteral nutrition. Piglets delivere...

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Section: Animals and Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid gut growth but persistent delay in digestive function in the postnatal period of preterm pigs

Hansen

Thymann

Andersen

et al. 2016

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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“…The samples were frozen at 2 208C at the local hospital (Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital) in Kathmandu until shipment to the UK. The samples were analysed for mannitol, lactose and lactulose by enzymatic assay (Lunn et al 1989;Northrop et al 1990;Blood et al 1991;Lunn & Northrop-Clewes, 1992) using a centrifugal spectrophotometer (Cobas Fara, Roche, Switzerland) at the Northern Ireland Centre for Diet and Health, University of Ulster.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poor intestinal permeability in mildly stunted Nepali children: associations with weaning practices and <I>Giardia lamblia</I> infection

Goto

C.*²,

Northrop-Clewes

et al. 2002

British Journal of Nutrition

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Studies in the Gambia, using the lactulose -mannitol dual-sugar intestinal permeability test (lactulose:mannitol ratio) as a non-invasive way of investigating mucosal damage, have shown that food malabsorption is significantly associated with early growth retardation. In this cross-sectional study, 210 poor urban Nepali children, 0 -60 months old, were recruited and measured for height or length and weight, 167 were examined for intestinal permeability and 173 for parasite infection. Weaning and morbidity data were collected from 172 caretakers. Children were mildly stunted (mean height-for-age z-score 2 1·45) and underweight (mean weight-for-age z-score 2 1·62). The lactulose:mannitol ratio (0·26) was poorer than that of UK children (0·12), but similar to that found in Bengali children of the same age (0·24). Two stages of weaning, the onset supplementary feeding (6 months) and the cessation of breast-feeding (23 months), were shown to have differential impact. In children currently breast-feeding, the duration of supplementation was negatively related to lactose (P, 0·001) and lactose:lactulose values (P, 0·0001), indicating lactose maldigestion. In children who had ceased breast-feeding, a longer period of lactation was associated with poorer intestinal permeability (P¼0·031), and poorer height-for-age (P¼ 0·024), which was an unexpected result. No significant relationships were found between intestinal permeability and growth, or with morbidity and helminth infection, except in children with Giardia lamblia who had worse lactulose:mannitol ratios than those without (0·43 v. 0·25 respectively, P¼ 0·014). It is likely that insults to the gut (e.g. Giardia) and challenges to the immune system (weaning) have a different impact in early and late infancy.Breast-feeding: Lactose digestion: Growth: Malnutrition: Malabsorption: Diarrhoea Poor growth status is an indicator of inappropriate living conditions and a poor environment (Tanner, 1986;Panter-Brick, 1998). In Nepal, children have been reported to have a high prevalence of growth retardation, in both rural areas (Costello, 1989;Panter-Brick, 1997) and among the urban poor (Panter-Brick et al. 1996;Moffat, 1998). Assessment of growth status among 6 -36-monthold Nepali children has shown that 49 % are underweight and 64 % are stunted (Nepal Nations Multiple Indicator Surveillance, 1995; cited in UNICEF, 1996). In infancy, growth faltering is evident from 6 months (Costello, 1989;Moffat, 1998).Most studies relate growth faltering to either food intake or infection. Lunn (2000), however, suggested that food malabsorption is a significant cause of malnutrition, resulting from abnormal function of the small intestinal mucosa. He outlined two possible mechanisms leading to undernutrition. First, following infection by dietary pathogens, possibly from unhygienic food preparation or storage, the villi in small intestinal mucosa are damaged and lose the vulnerable disaccharide lactase, leading to maldigestion of lactose and probably other nutrients. Second, the barrier f...

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“…This makes a sweet-tasting drink that is taken readily (33). Children were asked to refrain from eating 2 h before attending the clinic.…”

Section: Intestinal Permeability Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Total 5-h urine volume was measured and, after mixing, an aliquot was taken and stored at Ϫ20ЊC until analyzed in Cambridge, United Kingdom. Urinary concentrations of lactulose and mannitol were measured by automated enzymatic procedures on a centrifugal analyzer (Cobas Bio; Roche, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom) (33,34).…”

Section: Intestinal Permeability Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthelmintic treatment of rural Bangladeshi children: effect on host physiology, growth, and biochemical status

Northrop-Clewes

Rousham²,

Mascie‐Taylor³

et al. 2001

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background:The effect of helminth infestation on the nutrition, growth, and physiology of the host is still poorly understood. Anthelmintic treatment of children in developing countries has had varying success in terms of growth improvements. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of regular deworming on child growth, physiology, and biochemical status. Design:The study was a 12-mo longitudinal intervention in 123 Bangladeshi children aged 2-5 y. Treatment (mebendazole) or placebo tablets were administered every 2 mo for 8 mo and again at 12 mo. Weight, height, midupper arm circumference, intestinal permeability, plasma albumin, ␣ 1 -antichymotrypsin, and total protein concentration were assessed every 2 mo. Results: Treatment with mebendazole reduced the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides from 78% to 8%, of Trichuris trichiura from 65% to 9%, and of hookworm from 4% to 0%. There was no significant difference in the growth of treated children compared with those given placebo tablets. No changes in intestinal permeability or plasma albumin were observed after deworming. Significant decreases in total protein (P < 0.001) and ␣ 1 -antichymotrypsin (P < 0.001) were observed in the treatment group, indicating possible reductions in inflammation and immunoglobulin concentration after deworming. A significant increase in the prevalence of Giardia intestinalis (from 4% to 49%) in the treatment group was associated with a short-term reduction in weight (P = 0.02) and higher intestinal permeability (P < 0.001) in infected subjects. No long-term effects of G. intestinalis on growth were observed. Conclusion: Low-intensity helminth infections, predominantly of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura, do not contribute significantly to the poor growth and biochemical status of rural Bangladeshi children.Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:53-60.

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Automated enzymatic assays for the determination of intestinal permeability probes in urine. 1. Lactulose and lactose

Cited by 88 publications

References 20 publications

Rapid gut growth but persistent delay in digestive function in the postnatal period of preterm pigs

Rapid gut growth but persistent delay in digestive function in the postnatal period of preterm pigs

Poor intestinal permeability in mildly stunted Nepali children: associations with weaning practices and <I>Giardia lamblia</I> infection

Anthelmintic treatment of rural Bangladeshi children: effect on host physiology, growth, and biochemical status

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