Automated Reasoning over Provenance-Aware Communication Network Knowledge in Support of Cyber-Situational Awareness

Provenance-Aware Knowledge Representation: A Survey of Data Models and Contextualized Knowledge Graphs

“…Our experiments to compare RDF data provenance approaches used multiple formalisms, datasets, and software tools. For the knowledge domain of communications networks, earlier we introduced a quad-based RDF provenance capturing approach [40], GraphSource, and developed a provenanceaware LOD dataset, ISPNet [106,111], both of which have been used in the experiments. To convert provenance-aware RDF datasets based on RDF quadruples to datasets that utilize the singleton property to capture provenance, we used the software tool RDF Contextualizer 90 designed by Nguyen and Sheth [141].…”

“…Approaches to provide alternatives to RDF reification and n-ary relations include -lossless decomposition of RDF graphs: RDF Molecule [42]; -extensions of the RDF data model: N3Logic [43,44], RDF + [45,46], annotated RDF (aRDF) [47], SPO+ Time+Location (SPOTL) [48], RDF* [49], RSP-QL * [50]; -alternate data models: mapping objects to vectors [18], GSMM [51]; -extensions of the RDFS semantics: Annotated RDF Schema [52,53]; -purpose-designed implementation techniques -using annotations: RDF/XML Source Declaration, 25 resource annotation [54]; -via encapsulating provenance information in tuple elements: Provenance Context Entity (PaCE) [55], Singleton property [56]; -using knowledge organization systems; -adding provenance to triples, forming RDF quadruples: N-Quads, 26 Named graphs [57,58], RDF/S graphsets [59], RDF triple coloring [60], nanopublications [61], Hoganification [62]), GraphSource (Sikos et al [40] and Sikos et al [63] collectively); -hybrid approaches, which have multiple traits of the above categories, such as g-RDF [64], which extends RDFS semantics, defines provenance stable models and provenance Herbrand interpretations, and utilizes ontolo- 25 https://www.w3.org/Submission/rdfsource/ 26 https://www.w3.org/TR/n-quads/ gies with positive and strongly negated RDF triples (gRDF triples) and derivation rules.…”

“…32 approach does not have a prerequisite for ontologies, but it is most efficient when used with the Communication Network Topology and Forwarding Ontology (CNTFO). 40 In contrast to these, there are approaches that constitute ontological models, such as resource annotation [54], which associates a single rdfs:Resource with a target, and utilizes domain ontology terms to associate annotations with concept definitions.…”

“…Note that if an RDF graph has no blank nodes, each triple in the graph constitutes a molecule. 40 https://purl.org/ontology/network/…”

“…However, in Semantic Web applications, provenance can be seen as a means to develop trust [23], as witnessed by implementations of augmented provenance [24,25] and semantic provenance [26,27] in application areas such as eScience [28][29][30][31][32] and scientific data processing [33], workflow management, bioinformatics [34], laboratory information management [35], digital media archives [36], recommender systems [37], query search result ranking [38], and decision support for cybersecurity and cyber-situational awareness [39,40].…”