Automatic Generation Control operation with electric vehicles

Abstract

This paper presents a methodology to make EV able to contribute to secondary frequency regulation, by participating in Automatic Generation Control (AGC). The aggregator entity is used in this methodology to act as intermediate between the AGC and the EV controllers. The case-study used is an approximation of the Portuguese transmission/generation network, including existing tie lines with Spain, to which a solid three-phase short circuit was applied. After the disturbance, the impact of EV in the AGC operation was studied for two different situations: EV contributing to secondary frequency regulation and EV behaving as uncontrollable loads. The results obtained for both situations were then compared, in terms of interconnection active power flows in the existing tie-lines and its re-establishment time.

Frequency Control Ancillary Service Provided by Efficient Power Plants Integrated in Queuing-Controlled Domestic Water Heaters

“…γ i can be calculated through a method of weighting considering users' actual power consumption, and γ can be generated by weighting all the γ i in system. f P represents the maximum frequency range of the regulation frequency adjustment, which can be estimated by Equation (16). Using information from the system, appropriate targets can be identified to the execution units under different ∆ f conditions.…”

Comparative analysis of coordination strategies for electric vehicles

“…Coordination Systems Combining the results of the discussed categories, allows for designing practical coordinated EV charging systems [61]- [75]. A coordination system is assumed to be effective if it approaches the benchmark linked to the coordination objective.…”

“…For some stability-related time-critical control mechanisms, only distributed control can be used because the time lag due to communication, needed for a centralized method, is too long [61]- [66], [71]- [88].…”

“…This level is also the level at which energy-policy is formulated [1]-[5], [18], [24], [28], [30]- [35], [38]- [43], [61], [65]- [69], [81]- [87], [107]- [109]. Because of the aggregation of a high amount of EVs, quite accurate predictions can be made considering the stochastic parameters of the aggregated group.…”

“…The next step in research is the practical implementation of coordination systems [61]- [75]. These systems are discussed in Subsection C. Results of the earlier categorization are needed to obtain a coordination strategy that takes into account relevant parameters.…”