Automatic microemulsion preparation for metals determination in fuel samples using a flow-batch analyzer and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Determination of Cr, Ni, Pb and V in gasoline and ethanol fuel by microwave plasma optical emission spectrometry

“…On the other hand, even low concentrations of toxic elements such as Pb can represent serious public health issues, especially considering the large number of vehicles circulating in metropolitan areas. 3,4 Some potentially toxic elements such as Cr and V occur naturally in fossil fuels. In the case of ethanol, contamination with potentially toxic elements is related to the soil where sugar cane was grown, and/or to the production, storage and transport processes.…”

Atomic spectrometry update: review of advances in the analysis of metals, chemicals and materials

“…Several other techniques have been used to analyse these materials and these will be discussed individually. Cunha et al 59 determined Cu, Cr and Pb in gasoline and naphtha using a piston-propelled ow batch analyser and ETAAS detection. The ow batch analyser was used to prepare micro-emulsions of the materials in a surfactant (Triton X-100), water and an alcohol (propanol, heptanol, cyclohexanol, tert-butanol and isopropanol were all tested).…”

Microemulsion as Sample Preparation for Direct Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) Determination of Total Iron in Crude and Refined Vegetable Oils

“…3 Among these, microemulsification has emerged as a suitable and promising sample pretreatment procedure for direct analysis of samples with a high organic content, such as vegetable oils, diesel, 21 biodiesel, [22][23][24][25] lubricating oil, 26,27 and fuels. 28 Microemulsions can be defined as thermodynamically stable, optically transparent 3,23,25,[27][28][29][30][31] and microscopically homogeneous systems, composed of appropriate amounts of aqueous and oil phases and surfactant and/or co-surfactant. 31,32 These systems have some characteristic properties, such as low viscosity 23,28 and the capacity to solubilize both polar (aqueous) and nonpolar (oil soluble) substances.…”

“…28 Microemulsions can be defined as thermodynamically stable, optically transparent 3,23,25,[27][28][29][30][31] and microscopically homogeneous systems, composed of appropriate amounts of aqueous and oil phases and surfactant and/or co-surfactant. 31,32 These systems have some characteristic properties, such as low viscosity 23,28 and the capacity to solubilize both polar (aqueous) and nonpolar (oil soluble) substances. 31,33 Two of the main advantages of using microemulsification for sample preparation are associated with its simplicity and the possibility to use aqueous standards for preparing calibration solutions instead of using unstable organometallic standards.…”