Automaticity and Preattentive Processing

Treisman, Anne; Vieira, Alfred; Hayes, Amy

doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199734337.003.0101

Cited by 16 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Hard-wired automatic processes come with a number of innate automaticity features. Learned automatic processes have acquired their position on several automaticity dichotomies as a result of practice (Treisman et al 1992). Practice involves the repetition of the Rule-based process: mental process in which the output is produced by the application of a rule to an input Associative process: mental process in which the output is produced by the activation of a memory trace leading to a previously stored output same procedure over the same stimuli (consistent data practice) or over varying stimuli (consistent procedure practice; Carlson & Lundy 1992).…”

Section: Causal and Mechanistic Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automaticity: Componential, Causal, and Mechanistic Explanations

Moors

2016

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

177

141

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The review first discusses componential explanations of automaticity, which specify non/automaticity features (e.g., un/controlled, un/conscious, non/efficient, fast/slow) and their interrelations. Reframing these features as factors that influence processes (e.g., goals, attention, and time) broadens the range of factors that can be considered (e.g., adding stimulus intensity and representational quality). The evidence reviewed challenges the view of a perfect coherence among goals, attention, and consciousness, and supports the alternative view that (a) these and other factors influence the quality of representations in an additive way (e.g., little time can be compensated by extra attention or extra stimulus intensity) and that (b) a first threshold of this quality is required for unconscious processing and a second threshold for conscious processing. The review closes with a discussion of causal explanations of automaticity, which specify factors involved in automatization such as repetition and complexity, and a discussion of mechanistic explanations, which specify the low-level processes underlying automatization.

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Section: Causal and Mechanistic Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automaticity: Componential, Causal, and Mechanistic Explanations

Moors

2016

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

177

141

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“…However, assessing whether magnitude is activated unintentionally is not an exhaustive test of automaticity, as many other characteristics have been attributed to automatic processes (e.g., LaBerge & Samuels, 1974;Pashler, 1994;Treisman, Vieira, & Hayes, 1992). For instance, automatic processes are also argued to not require processing capacity (e.g., Pashler, 1994), to proceed in parallel with other processes (e.g., Treisman et al, 1992), and to not use attention (LaBerge & Samuels, 1974).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, automatic processes are also argued to not require processing capacity (e.g., Pashler, 1994), to proceed in parallel with other processes (e.g., Treisman et al, 1992), and to not use attention (LaBerge & Samuels, 1974). Thus, many of the characteristics that have been attributed to automatic processes amount to these processes not requiring attentional resources (e.g., Logan, 1988).…”

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confidence: 99%

Do Arabic numerals activate magnitude automatically? Evidence from the psychological refractory period paradigm

Ford

Reynolds

2016

Psychon Bull Rev

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A single experiment (N = 30) tested the claim that Arabic numerals automatically activate their magnitude representations by assessing whether central attention is required in order to activate magnitude within the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm. Subjects performed a color discrimination task as Task 1 and a parity judgment task as Task 2. Task overlap was controlled by varying stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). A spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect arose in Task 2 and yielded under-additive effects with decreasing SOA. This result suggests that magnitude is activated prior to central attention, and is therefore consistent with the claim that numerals activate magnitude automatically.

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“…To elucidate the pattern cognition whereby tooth patterns in the brain are immediately matched to tooth morphology and profiles presented before the eyes, a study of brain activity is beneficial. For this purpose, event-related potentials (ERP) (7)(8)(9)(10), which are provoked by psychological tasks including cognition, discrimination, and task solution, have been commonly employed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<b>Comparisons Based on Event-related Potentials in Dental Students with Different Levels of Experience Knowledge</b>

2017

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The information handling processes for character and tooth recognition tasks were compared between the dental students who had acquired different knowledge levels. The subjects included 20 second-year students who had acquired textbook-based knowledge and 20 fifth-year students who had acquired both textbook-based and experience knowledge though ongoing clinical exercise. The task was to differentiate diagrams depicting aʠkatakana characterʡor aʠtooth.ʡThe diagrams were randomly presented at a ratio of 2: 8 according to the oddball paradigm. The subjects were instructed to push a button only when a target stimulus was presented. Average waveforms were determined by averaging ERP waveforms derived at Pz for a principal component analysis(PCA).The results showed the same trends in information for character diagrams in both year students; the contribution rates of the PCA component representing pattern matching or attention-orientation as well as working memory update was higher. Similar trends were observed in information for tooth diagrams in terms of a greater percentage of the PCA components represented cognition and decision and behavior performance, but in the fifthyear students P3a that represented attention-orientation was extracted independently.These results indicate similar information in both-year students for the character task, whereas fifth-year students who had acquired experience knowledge appeared to make their decisions based on more effective thinking for the tooth task.

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Automaticity and Preattentive Processing

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Automaticity: Componential, Causal, and Mechanistic Explanations

Automaticity: Componential, Causal, and Mechanistic Explanations

Do Arabic numerals activate magnitude automatically? Evidence from the psychological refractory period paradigm

<b>Comparisons Based on Event-related Potentials in Dental Students with Different Levels of Experience Knowledge</b>

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