Automotive LiDAR Technology: A Survey

Roriz, Ricardo; Cabral, Jorge; Gomes, Tiago

doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3086804

Cited by 229 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…Collision avoidance continues to be one of the greatest challenges in unmanned vehicles (Yasin et al, 2020) and autonomous driving (Roriz et al, 2021), where the demand for increasingly robust, fast and safe systems is crucial for the development of these industries. It is closely tied with the perception of threat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Looming from LiDAR

Yepes¹,

Raviv²

2022

Preprint

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Looming, traditionally defined as the relative expansion of objects in the observer's retina, is a fundamental visual cue for perception of threat and can be used to accomplish collision free navigation. The measurement of the looming cue is not only limited to vision, and can also be obtained from range sensors like LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). In this article we present two methods that process raw LiDAR data to estimate the looming cue. Using looming values we show how to obtain threat zones for collision avoidance tasks. The methods are general enough to be suitable for any six-degree-of-freedom motion and can be implemented in real-time without the need for fine matching, point-cloud registration, object classification or object segmentation. Quantitative results using the KITTI dataset shows advantages and limitations of the methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Looming from LiDAR

Yepes¹,

Raviv²

2022

Preprint

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“…For the depicted scenario of highway driving, large horizontal FoVs of around 40° to 60° are geometrically required to detect the full road ahead when including mounting tolerances and different road scenarios. Many companies have already committed themselves to buildings sensors with a horizontal FoV of 60° [ 4 ]. The vertical FoV is typically specified as ca.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vertical FoV is typically specified as ca. 20–30° [ 4 , 5 ]. The horizontal value can be directly projected and used as a specification for the scanning range of the MEMS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It enables the differentiation of small objects over vast distances and is typically specified as ca. 0.1° [ 4 , 5 ]. Achieving this requires a dynamic characterization of MEMS scanners with low uncertainty.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, it can be said that the more optical channels, the higher the oscillation frequencies of the scanner, the lower the vertical FoV, and the smaller the vertical resolution, the higher the frame rate. Thus, scanners oscillate with frequencies of around 250 Hz, enabling high frame rates above 10 Hz–20 Hz [ 4 , 5 ]. Dynamically measuring or characterizing the steering angles of such scanners with these merits in mind is a highly difficult task, especially because of the required accuracy and the overall angular range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MEMS-Scanner Testbench for High Field of View LiDAR Applications

Baier

Schardt²,

Fink

et al. 2021

Sensors

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LiDAR sensors are a key technology for enabling safe autonomous cars. For highway applications, such systems must have a long range, and the covered field of view (FoV) of >45° must be scanned with resolutions higher than 0.1°. These specifications can be met by modern MEMS scanners, which are chosen for their robustness and scalability. For the automotive market, these sensors, and especially the scanners within, must be tested to the highest standards. We propose a novel measurement setup for characterizing and validating these kinds of scanners based on a position-sensitive detector (PSD) by imaging a deflected laser beam from a diffuser screen onto the PSD. A so-called ray trace shifting technique (RTST) was used to minimize manual calibration effort, to reduce external mounting errors, and to enable dynamical one-shot measurements of the scanner’s steering angle over large FoVs. This paper describes the overall setup and the calibration method according to a standard camera calibration. We further show the setup’s capabilities by validating it with a statically set rotating stage and a dynamically oscillating MEMS scanner. The setup was found to be capable of measuring LiDAR MEMS scanners with a maximum FoV of 47° dynamically, with an uncertainty of less than 1%.

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PbS Quantum Dots Ink with Months‐Long Shelf‐Lifetime Enabling Scalable and Efficient Short‐Wavelength Infrared Photodetectors

Wang,

Pinna,

Romero

et al. 2024

Advanced Materials

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The phase‐transfer ligand exchange of PbS quantum dots (QDs) has substantially simplified device fabrication giving hope for future industrial exploitation. However, this technique when applied to QDs of large size (> 4 nm) gives rise to inks with poor colloidal stability, thus hindering the development of QDs photodetectors in short‐wavelength infrared range (∼1000‐3000 nm). Here, we demonstrate that methylammonium lead iodide ligands can provide sufficient passivation of PbS QDs of size up to 6.7 nm, enabling inks with a minimum of ten‐week shelf‐life time, as proven by optical absorption and solution‐small angle X‐ray scattering. Furthermore, the maximum linear electron mobility of 4.5 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 was measured in field‐effect transistors fabricated with fresh inks, while transistors fabricated with the same solution after ten‐week storage retained 74% of the average starting electron mobility, demonstrating the outstanding quality both of the fresh and aged inks. Finally, photodetectors fabricated via blade‐coating exhibited 76% external quantum efficiency at 1300 nm and 1.8 × 1012 Jones specific detectivity, values comparable with devices fabricated using ink with lower stability and wasteful methods such as spin‐coating.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Automotive LiDAR Technology: A Survey

Cited by 229 publications

References 133 publications

Estimation of Looming from LiDAR

Estimation of Looming from LiDAR

MEMS-Scanner Testbench for High Field of View LiDAR Applications

PbS Quantum Dots Ink with Months‐Long Shelf‐Lifetime Enabling Scalable and Efficient Short‐Wavelength Infrared Photodetectors

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