Autonomic pathways responsible for bradycardia on facial immersion

Finley, Judy; Bonet, Jorge F.; Waxman, Menashe B.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1979.47.6.1218

Cited by 92 publications

(82 citation statements)

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“…For the Valsalva manoeuvre [14,15], the patient was asked to maintain the forced expiration to hold a column of mercury at 50 mm for 15 s, the Valsalva ratio (VR) was defined as the longest R-R interval during phase IV (bradycardic) divided by the shortest R-R interval during the strain. Facial immersion in cool water, also known as diving test [ 16,17], was done for the assessment of the maximum reduction in HR by calculating the difference between the longest R-R interval during the immersion and the mean of five R-R intervals preceding the immersion. For all the above tests, R-R intervals were derived from continuously recorded ECG.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of rilmenidine and atenolol on mental stress, dynamic exercise and autonomic function in mild to moderate hypertension.

Panfilov¹,

Morris²,

Donnelly³

et al. 1995

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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1 The effects of 4 week treatment with rilmenidine or atenolol on tests of mental stress, dynamic exercise, autonomic function and psychometric tests were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Keywords rilmenidine atenolol hypertension mental stress dynamic exercise autonomic function psychomotor tests Introduction an equivalent efficacy of rilmenidine and a satisfactory safety profile. These comparisons have revealed minimal Rilmenidine is an oxazoline derivative and a new antihy-central side effects of rilmenidine, considerably less than pertensive drug with a central action that is probably those of clonidine [5][6][7]. more dependent on its high specificity for imidazolineThe antihypertensive effect of centrally active drugs, receptor sites than a2-adrenoceptor agonist actions [1]. such as clonidine is related to a reduction in sympathetic It has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP) both outflow and enhanced parasympathetic activity. It has in healthy subjects [2,3] and hypertensive patients [4]. been shown that rilmenidine exerts similar effects in Double-blind comparative studies vs atenolol, hydroexperimental animals [8,9]. Furthermore, in normal

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of rilmenidine and atenolol on mental stress, dynamic exercise and autonomic function in mild to moderate hypertension.

Panfilov¹,

Morris²,

Donnelly³

et al. 1995

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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“…Diving-induced bradycardia was significantly enhanced during treatment with captopril, compared to placebo, despite the decrease in resting heart rate. The diving reflex is an oxygen-conserving reflex which has been extensively studied in man (Kawakami et al, 1967;Heistad etal., 1968;Bergman et al, 1972;Finley et al, 1979). Apnoea combined with facial immersion in water, leads to a number of physiological responses including a marked decrease in heart rate (Brick, 1966).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apnoea combined with facial immersion in water, leads to a number of physiological responses including a marked decrease in heart rate (Brick, 1966). Since this reflex does not involve baroreceptor pathways (Bennett et al, 1976) and the immediate reflex bradycardia is mediated only by vagal efferent pathways (Heistad et al, 1968;Finley et al, 1979) this test offers a simple and safe method of assessing the parasympathetic system. It is likely that intra-subject variability and adaptive mechanisms will affect the performance of the diving test and consequently the interpretation of the results.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heart rate control in hypertensive patients treated by captopril.

Sturani¹,

Chiarini²,

Degliesposti³

et al. 1982

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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1 The effect of captopril on autonomic reflex functions has been investigated in fifteen patients with essential hypertension by examining their responses to tests of baroreceptor function (Valsalva's manoeuvre and upright posture), sympathetic nervous system reactivity (cold pressor and mental stress tests) and parasympathetic reactivity (diving test) before and after 3 weeks' treatment with captopril. 2 Captopril significantly reduced arterial blood pressure and resting heart rate but did not affect cardiovascular responses to Valsalva's manoeuvre, upright posture, cold pressor and mental stress tests. 3 The bradycardia associated with the diving reflex test was significantly enhanced by captopril (P less than 0.01). 4 These results indicate that treatment with captopril is associated with increased parasympathetic tone but without inhibition of baroreceptor or sympathetic reflexes.

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“…Cooling of the forehead and cheeks evokes a similar, yet less pronounced, response in humans (1,3,7,11,14,15,18,19,21,22), which occurs secondary to stimulation of the cold afferents of the trigeminal nerve (10,17). Face cooling in humans simultaneously stimulates the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, evoking bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction (1,3,7,11,14,15,18,19,21,22).…”

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confidence: 98%

Sustained increases in blood pressure elicited by prolonged face cooling in humans

Schlader

Coleman

Sackett

et al. 2016

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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We tested the hypothesis that increases in blood pressure are sustained throughout 15 min of face cooling. Two independent trials were carried out. In the Face-Cooling Trial, 10 healthy adults underwent 15 min of face cooling where a 2.5-liter bag of ice water (0 ± 0°C) was placed over their cheeks, eyes, and forehead. The Sham Trial was identical except that the temperature of the water was 34 ± 1°C. Primary dependent variables were forehead temperature, mean arterial pressure, and forearm vascular resistance. The square root of the mean of successive differences in R-R interval (RMSSD) provided an index of cardiac parasympathetic activity. In the Face Cooling Trial, forehead temperature fell from 34.1 ± 0.9°C at baseline to 12.9 ± 3.3°C at the end of face cooling ( P < 0.01). Mean arterial pressure increased from 83 ± 9 mmHg at baseline to 106 ± 13 mmHg at the end of face cooling ( P < 0.01). RMSSD increased from 61 ± 40 ms at baseline to 165 ± 97 ms during the first 2 min of face cooling ( P ≤ 0.05), but returned to baseline levels thereafter (65 ± 49 ms, P ≥ 0.46). Forearm vascular resistance increased from 18.3 ± 4.4 mmHg·ml−1·100 g tissue−1·min at baseline to 26.6 ± 4.0 mmHg·ml−1·100 g tissue−1·min at the end of face cooling ( P < 0.01). There were no changes in the Sham Trial. These data indicate that increases in blood pressure are sustained throughout 15 min of face cooling, and face cooling elicits differential time-dependent parasympathetic and likely sympathetic activation.

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Autonomic pathways responsible for bradycardia on facial immersion

Cited by 92 publications

References 0 publications

The effects of rilmenidine and atenolol on mental stress, dynamic exercise and autonomic function in mild to moderate hypertension.

The effects of rilmenidine and atenolol on mental stress, dynamic exercise and autonomic function in mild to moderate hypertension.

Heart rate control in hypertensive patients treated by captopril.

Sustained increases in blood pressure elicited by prolonged face cooling in humans

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