“…Many path planning algorithms are proposed [4][5][6][7], including grid methods, which include the A* algorithm based on an exact grid [8], and the probability grid method, based on an approximate grid [9,10]. Intelligent optimization algorithms, which are based on natural heuristics, are as follows: Neural network algorithms [11], genetic algorithms [12], ant colony algorithms [13], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [14][15][16], artificial bee colony algorithms [17,18], artificial potential field (APF) algorithms based on the virtual force field [19], the Voronoi graph method, and the tangent graph method, based on a cell structure [20,21]. Each of these algorithms has its own advantages and disadvantages.…”