Autoreactivity and self-tolerance in an invertebrate

Buss, Leo W.; Moore, Jane L.; Green, Douglas R.

doi:10.1038/313400a0

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…For example, when treated with azide, P. carnea does not produce hyperplastic stolons in the absence of a competitor but will do so in the presence of a competitor. This along with observations from previous studies demonstrate that in hydroids, foreign tissue is usually necessary to induce the formation of hyperplastic stolons (Ivker 1972;Buss et al 1984;McFadden 1986;Lange et al 1989; but see Buss et al 1985). In H. symbiolongicarpus, allorecognition is controlled by two linked loci, alr1 and alr2.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Reactive Oxygen Species and the Regulation of Hyperproliferation in a Colonial Hydroid

Harmata

Blackstone

2011

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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Colonies of Podocoryna carnea circulate gastrovascular fluid among polyps via tubelike stolons. At polyp-stolon junctions, mitochondrion-rich cells in part regulate this gastrovascular flow. During competition, colonies hyperproliferate nematocytes and stolons; nematocysts are discharged until one colony is killed. Hyperproliferation then ceases, and normal growth resumes. Here, competing colonies were treated with azide, which inhibits respiration and upregulates reactive oxygen species (ROS). After the cessation of competition, azide-treated colonies continued to hyperproliferate. In azide-treated competing colonies, however, mitochondrion-rich cells were found to produce similar amounts of ROS as those in untreated competing colonies. Subsequent experiments showed that both azide treatment and competition diminished the lumen widths at polyp-stolon junctions, where mitochondrion-rich cells are found. In competing colonies, these diminished widths may also diminish the metabolic demand on these cells, causing mitochondria to enter the resting state and emit more ROS. Indeed, results with two fluorescent probes show that mitochondrion-rich cells in competing colonies produce more ROS than those in noncompeting colonies. In sum, these results suggest that competition perturbs the usual activity of mitochondrion-rich cells, altering their redox state and increasing ROS formation. Via uncharacterized pathways, these ROS may contribute to hyperproliferation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Reactive Oxygen Species and the Regulation of Hyperproliferation in a Colonial Hydroid

Harmata

Blackstone

2011

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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“…The apparent absence of MHC class I or class II molecules in species that occupy positions below the phylogenetic level of jawed vertebrates 38 confounds efforts to assign the ancestral form of the conventional adaptive immune receptors as being either BCR-or TCR-like and might present an intractable problem. Notably, despite the apparent absence of MHC molecules, Botryllus schlosseri (a colonial protochordate) 142 and Hydractinia species (cnidarians; which are invertebrates) 143,144 show HISTOCOMPATIBILITY REACTIONS (that is, allotransplantation reactions) through a process known as fusibility, which protects the germline by inhibiting chimerism and/or parasitism 145 . Fusibility is determined by a single Mendelian trait and, in Botryllus schlosseri 146 , is mediated by highly polymorphic cell-surface receptors that contain immunoglobulin-superfamily and epidermal-growth-factor domains that are encoded at a single locus 147 .…”

Section: Box 1 Alternative Mediators Of Histocompatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstructing immune phylogeny: new perspectives

2005

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Numerous studies of the mammalian immune system have begun to uncover profound interrelationships, as well as fundamental differences, between the adaptive and innate systems of immune recognition. Coincident with these investigations, the increasing experimental accessibility of non-mammalian jawed vertebrates, jawless vertebrates, protochordates and invertebrates has provided intriguing new information regarding the likely patterns of emergence of immune-related molecules during metazoan phylogeny, as well as the evolution of alternative mechanisms for receptor diversification. Such findings blur traditional distinctions between adaptive and innate immunity and emphasize that, throughout evolution, the immune system has used a remarkably extensive variety of solutions to meet fundamentally similar requirements for host protection.The evolutionary development of the METAZOANS was associated with the diversification of a wide range of specialized cell-surface molecules that mediate key metabolic processes, as well as provide crucial contact interfaces and carry out a broad range of other essential functions. It is not unexpected that some of these molecules also came to function as barriers to pathogenic invasion and, in doing so, began to carry out dedicated innate immune protective functions. Whereas the simplest form of protection, barrier formation, is essentially mechanical in nature, relentless pressure from genetic variation in pathogens probably drove the evolution of such innate immune protective molecules towards diversification and, in parallel, towards integration of signalling pathways to regulate cellular responses to external stimulation. However, despite the sophistication that such innate immune mediators achieved over time, their biological complexity, by definition, would be limited by genome space, so with increasing complexity of body plan and/or increasing pathogen sophistication, they could be overwhelmed. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptMore than 500 million years ago, a TRANSPOSITION event, probably involving a recombinationactivating gene (RAG)-bearing element, might have given rise to the predecessors of the rearranging antigen-binding receptors of the jawed vertebrates, which encompass the vertebrate radiations that extend from the cartilaginous fish through to humans. This is considered the defining point in the emergence of RAG-mediated (conventional) adaptive immunity 1,2 , which has evolved to create a mechanism for deriving almost limitless variation from very few genes. Studies in traditional and non-traditional animal models, such as sharks, bony fish and birds, have brought this event and its ramifications for host defence into sharper focus. We can now predict much about how these rearranging antigenbinding receptors probably arose, what alternative pathways of immune-receptor gene evolution have occurred, what relationships exist between B-and T-cell-mediated immunity and natural killer (NK)-cell function, how complex immune ...

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“…The recognition of self is always followed by operational compatibility in the form of tissue fusion (Bak and Criens, 1982;Rinkevich and Loya, 1983;Chadwick-Furman and Rinkevich, 1994;Frank and Rinkevich, 1994;Rinkevich et al, 1994), while recognition of nonself is usually characterized by the expression of antagonistic responses of various types between allogeneic counterparts (Hildemann et al, 1977;Lang and Chornesky, 1990;Leddy and Green, 1991). True tissue fusions between allogeneic adult colonies are not common in the Cnidaria, although they have been documented in the Hydrozoa (Hauenschild, 1954(Hauenschild, , 1956Buss et al, 1985;Shenk, 1991;Frank and Rinkevich, 1994). Most histocompatibility related studies in the Cnidaria (reviewed by Leddy and Green, 1991) have been carried out on scleractinian corals (Potts, 1976;Hildemann et al, 1977;Criens, 1982 Rinkevich andLang and Chornesky, 1990;Chadwick-Furman and Rinkevich, 1994;Rinkevich et al, 1994), hydrozoans (Hauenschild, 1954(Hauenschild, , 1956Ivker, 1972;Miiller et al, 1983;Buss et al, 1984Buss et al, , 1985Bosch and David, 1986;Lange et al, 1989;Frank and Rinkevich, 1994) and gorgonians (Theodor, 1970;Theodor and Senelar, 1975;Theodor, 1976;Bigger and Runyan, 1979;Lasker and Coffroth, 1985;Salter-Cid and Bigger, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allorecognition responses in the soft coral Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum from the Red Sea

Frank

Bak

Rinkevich

1996

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

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Allorecognition responses in the soft coral Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum from the Red Sea. Frank, U.; Bak, R.P.M.; Rinkevich, B. Published in: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology Link to publication Citation for published version (APA):Frank, U., Bak, R. P. M., & Rinkevich, B. (1996). Allorecognition responses in the soft coral Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum from the Red Sea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, (197),[191][192][193][194][195][196][197][198][199][200][201]. General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. AbstractAllogeneic encounters were experimentally arranged in Eilat, Red Sea for the first time in the Alcyonacea with the soft coral Pareryfkpodium ft.&urn fulvum. All possible pairwise combination assays within two groups of five colonies each and one group of three colonies were setup in situ in 2-4 replicates each (a total of 76 assays). Control isogeneic encounters always resulted in complete tissue fusion. Two types of allogeneic responses were documented following tissue-totissue contacts. The first was retreat growth, in which contacting allografts started to retreat from each other a few days following direct contact until a bare area of a few mm separated them. In several assays the colonies repeatedly grew into contact and retreated again. The second allogeneic response was unilateral or reciprocal tissue overgrowth. In this type of response one colony overgrew the conspecific partner by several mm and then stopped. The underlying tissue of the overgrown partner died. No cytotoxicity was observed in allogeneic contacts either in growing parts or when assays were established between cut surface areas. Repeated assays of the same pair-combination were not consistent in terms of type and directionality of responses. We propose that effector mechanisms elicited following allogeneic encounters in P. J fulvum may be affected by biological as well as non-biological parameters and are not specific to the type of allogeneic challenge. However, colony specificity in this species is restricted only to the level of self-and non-self discrimination.

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Autoreactivity and self-tolerance in an invertebrate

Cited by 24 publications

References 8 publications

Reactive Oxygen Species and the Regulation of Hyperproliferation in a Colonial Hydroid

Reactive Oxygen Species and the Regulation of Hyperproliferation in a Colonial Hydroid

Reconstructing immune phylogeny: new perspectives

Allorecognition responses in the soft coral Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum from the Red Sea

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