Availability and Physical Properties of Residues From Major Agricultural Crops for Energy Conversion Through Thermochemical Processes

Abstract

Plant residues from the major agricultural crops (wheat, rice, corn, soybean, sugarcane, coffee and cotton) are abundantly available renewable resources that can be used to supply energy through thermochemical conversion processes. The available amounts of plant residues from these crops and their physical properties (moisture content, particle size, bulk density and porosity) were determined. The annual residues from the wheat, rice, corn, soybean, sugarcane, coffee and cotton were 763.42, 698.10, 1729.92, 416.62, 16.85, 4.01 and 107.13 million tons, respectively. The total amount of plant residues was estimated at 3736.05 million tons with total energy content of 66.92 EJ. These residues can replace 2283.52 million tons of coal, 1551.78 million tons of oil and 1847.63 million m 3 of natural gas. The moisture contents were 7. 79, 6.58, 6.40, 7.30, 8.15, 7.86 and 7.45% for the wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalk, soybean stalk, sugarcane stalk, coffee husk and cotton stalk, respectively. The corn stalk and sugarcane stalk had a convex particle size distribution, the soybean stalk and cotton stalk had a concave particle size distribution, the wheat straw and rice straw had an increasing trend particle size distribution and the coffee husk had a decreasing trend particle size distribution. The average particle sizes for the wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalk, soybean stalk, sugarcane stalk, coffee husk and cotton stalk were 0.42, 0.40, 0.49, 0.43, 0.55, 0.67 and 0.38 mm, respectively. The average bulk density was 160.75, 166.29, 127.32, 242.34, 110.86, 349.06 and 230.55 kg m -3 for the wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalk, soybean stalk, sugarcane stalk, coffee husk and cotton stalk, respectively. The average porosity was 51. 25, 83.20, 58.51, 68.03, 77.58, 64.85 and 74.55% for the wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalk, soybean stalk, sugarcane stalk, coffee husk and cotton stalk, respectively. The results obtained from this study indicate that different plant residues have different physical properties.

Inactivation of aPleurotus ostreatusversatile peroxidase‐encoding gene (mnp2) results in reduced lignin degradation

“…However, while the fibres are the economic part for which the crop is cultivated, the rest of the biomass -the stalks, leaves rinds, etc., are usually regarded as post-harvest waste, amounting to about 107 million tonnes annually (Kerem and Hadar, 1995;Cohen et al, 2002a;Zhang et al, 2012). In addition, cotton rules the world of textiles, greatly influencing the economy of about 90 cotton growing countries.…”

Productividad y calidad de los cuerpos fructíferos de los hongos comestibles Pleurotus pulmonarius RN2 y P. djamor RN81 y RN82 cultivados sobre sustratos lignocelulósicos

“…Cada año se genera una gran cantidad de residuos, provenientes de las cosechas de productos utilizados en la alimentación humana, como el arroz, maíz, trigo, café, frijol de soya, azúcar y algodón, que se estima en 3736.05 millones de toneladas métricas (TM); de las cuales 698.10 millones de TM, corresponden a residuos de la cosecha de arroz y 1729.92 millones de TM, a los residuos de la cosecha del maíz (Zhang et al, 2012). Todos estos residuos, representan una materia prima apta para la producción de hongos comestibles.…”

Tecnologias de pré-tratamentos para pirólise rápida do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar

“…Numerosos estudos têm sido publicados sobre as características granulométricas das partículas de BCA (PONCE, 1983;NEBRA, 1988;RASUL, 1999;DRIEMEIR, 2011;GO-MEZ, 2012;JORDAN, 2016). A composição granulométrica do BCA (Figura 2) depende da variedade da cana, do pré-tratamento e de moagem da mesma (POLANCO, 2013) e afeta a fluidez, a transferência de calor e de massa, a velocidade das reações e a porosidade (ZHANG, 2012). Observa-se na Figura 2 que a maior parte das partículas se encontra na fração com diâmetro entre 0,5 e 1 mm.…”

“…O BCA é um material de baixa densidade (120 a 200 kg/m3), o que encarece a manipulação e o transporte, afetando a sua estocagem (NYERS, 2016). Nos reatores para a conversão termoquímica, a baixa densidade aparente afeta o tempo de residência e eficiência de conversão (ZHANG, 2012). Sistemas de entrada de BCA por gravidade são afetados pela baixa densidade aparente (ANU-KAM, 2016).…”