Availability of Ammoniacal Nitrogen to Lowland Rice as Influenced by Fertilizer Placement<sup>1</sup>

Mikkelsen, D. S.; Finfrock, D. C.

doi:10.2134/agronj1957.00021962004900060005x

Cited by 32 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…4) and differences in cropping history, soils, residue management, crop rotations and early season water management (Table 1). These results confirm findings by others (Mikkelsen and Finfrock, 1957; Broadbent and Mikkelsen, 1968; Obcema et al, 1984) who reported higher rice yields when N fertilizer was incorporated compared to being broadcast on the surface.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…While differences were not significant the trends at each site were similar. Mikkelsen and Finfrock (1957) reported that 100% of the drilled fertilizer N was recovered at heading while only 34% was recovered when fertilizer‐N was broadcast on the surface. In our study, where both subsurface and surface N was applied, the NRE was 51%‐ not significantly lower than when only subsurface N was applied (53%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surface applied N is taken up less efficiently and is more susceptible to losses than N applied below the soil surface (Mikkelsen and Finfrock, 1957; Broadbent and Mikkelsen, 1968; Obcema et al, 1984). Mikkelsen and Finfrock (1957) showed that the mean oxidation–reduction potential in the surface 0.5 cm remained in an oxidative state following flooding while soil at the 5 cm depth showed reduced conditions 5 d after flooding. Nitrification of surface N can therefore lead to losses in these flooded systems.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Necessity of Surface‐Applied Preplant Nitrogen Fertilizer in Rice Systems

Hill

Mutters

Greer³

et al. 2009

Agronomy Journal

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California rice (Oryza sativa L.) growers typically use two forms of preplant N fertilizer: aqua NH 3 applied 7 to 10 cm below the soil surface (subsurface N) and surface-applied N. Th e rational for applying about 25% of the total N rate to the surface is to provide a readily available N source for young rice seedlings; however no research has been done to verify this. On-farm fi eld studies were conducted over a 3-yr period (12 site-years) with the specifi c objectives of determining when rice begins to use subsurface N and to compare the effi ciency of surface and subsurface applied N. Rice seedlings began accumulating subsurface N within 2 wk aft er sowing at some sites. When a portion of the N rate was applied to the surface, early season plant biomass and N uptake was higher than when all of the fertilizer-N was applied subsurface. In contrast, grain yields were higher when all of the N fertilizer was applied subsurface. Averaged across all sites, the fertilizer-N recovery effi ciency of surface-applied N was 38% compared to 53% when only subsurface N was applied. As aqua NH 3 is less expensive than NH 4 + based fertilizers and the application of surface N requires an additional fi eld operation, there is no justifi cation to recommend the practice of applying surface N fertilizer in these rice systems. Instead, all of the preplant N should be applied subsurface as aqua NH 3 .

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Necessity of Surface‐Applied Preplant Nitrogen Fertilizer in Rice Systems

Hill

Mutters

Greer³

et al. 2009

Agronomy Journal

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“…This finding has an important bearing on the extent of loss of applied N via this mechanism in porous soils. Hence, where NH3 volatilization is like- ly to be a problem, placement of fertilizer N beneath the soil surface could be a useful management technique to reduce NH volatilization losses and improve utilization of N by rice [58,59,62]. When factors such as pH, temperature, wind velocity and CEC of the soil are favorable for ammonia volatilization, loss of N will be determined by the concentration of NH4 in the floodwater of flooded rice soils.…”

Section: Flooded Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen losses and fertilizer N use efficiency in irrigated porous soils

Aulakh

Bijay‐Singh

1996

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

102

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Porous soils are characterized by high infiltration, low moisture retention and poor fertility due to limitation of organic matter and nitrogen (N). However, wherever irrigated and properly managed, these are among the most productive soils in the world. For sustained productivity and prevention of N related pollution problems, fertilizer N management in porous soils needs to be improved by reducing losses of N via different mechanisms. Losses of N through ammonia volatilization are not favoured in porous soils provided fertilizer N is applied before an irrigation or rainfall event. Ammonium N transported to depth along with percolating water cannot move back to soil surface where it is prone to be lost as NH3. Under upland conditions nitrification proceeds rapidly in porous soils. Due to high water percolation rates in porous soils, continuous flooding for rice production usually cannot be maintained and alternate flood and drained conditions are created. Nitrification proceeds rapidly during drained conditions and nitrates thus produced are subsequently reduced to N2 and N20 through denitrification upon reflooding. Indirect N-budget estimates show that up to 50% of the applied N may be lost via nitrification-denitrification in irrigated porous soils under wetland rice.High soil nitrate N levels and sufficient downward movement of rain water to move nitrate N below the rooting depth are often encountered in soils of humid and subhumid zones, to a lesser extent in soils of semiarid zone and quite infrequently, if at all in arid zone soils. The few investigations carried out with irrigated porous soils do not show substantial leaching losses of N beyond potential rooting zone even under wetland rice. However, inefficient management of irrigation water and fertilizer N particularly with shallow rooted crops may lead to pollution of groundwater due to nitrate leaching. At a number of locations, groundwater beneath irrigated porous soils is showing increased nitrate N concentrations. Efficient management of N for any cropping system in irrigated porous soils can be achieved by plugging losses of N via different mechanisms leading to both high crop production and minimal pollution of the environment.

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“…soil nitrogen. Second, nitrogen fertilizer in the minimum-till system is applied to the soil surface, where it is used less efficiently (Mikkelsen and Finfrock 1957;Broadbent and Mikkelsen 1968). Both of these factors suggest that the minimum-till system will require a higher nitrogen rate to maintain yield levels.…”

Section: Nitrogen Management Differsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimum tillage could benefit California rice farmers

Fischer¹,

Godfrey²,

Greer³

et al. 2008

Cal Ag

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Availability of Ammoniacal Nitrogen to Lowland Rice as Influenced by Fertilizer Placement¹

Cited by 32 publications

References 4 publications

Assessing the Necessity of Surface‐Applied Preplant Nitrogen Fertilizer in Rice Systems

Assessing the Necessity of Surface‐Applied Preplant Nitrogen Fertilizer in Rice Systems

Nitrogen losses and fertilizer N use efficiency in irrigated porous soils

Minimum tillage could benefit California rice farmers

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Availability of Ammoniacal Nitrogen to Lowland Rice as Influenced by Fertilizer Placement1

Cited by 32 publications

References 4 publications

Assessing the Necessity of Surface‐Applied Preplant Nitrogen Fertilizer in Rice Systems

Assessing the Necessity of Surface‐Applied Preplant Nitrogen Fertilizer in Rice Systems

Nitrogen losses and fertilizer N use efficiency in irrigated porous soils

Minimum tillage could benefit California rice farmers

Contact Info

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Availability of Ammoniacal Nitrogen to Lowland Rice as Influenced by Fertilizer Placement¹