Minimum tillage could benefit California rice farmers

Fischer, Albert J.; Godfrey, Larry D.; Greer, C. A.; Hill, James E.; Koffler, Kaden B; Linquist, Bruce A.; Moeching, M; Mutters, Randall; Kessel, Chris van

doi:10.3733/ca.v062n01p24

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Watkins et al (2004) and Linquist et al (2008) reported similar rice yields in some seasons but not in others between reduced/zero and conventional tillage. Yield variation was also not significantly affected by tillage in three maize crops.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Conservation agriculture options for a Rice-Maize cropping systems in Bangladesh

2015

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Over the last two decades, Rice (Oryza sativa L.)-Maize (Zea mays L.) cropping systems have become one of the most dominant cropping systems in Bangladesh. This has coincided with the expansion in use of two-wheel tractors, which has facilitated options for minimum tillage. A three-year trial examined the prospects of conservation agriculture practices for Rice-Maize cropping in Bangladesh, with respect to minimum tillage and residue retention. Main plot tillage treatments of conventional full tillage, single pass wet tillage in rice (rotated with zero tillage in maize), bed planting and strip tillage were combined with residue retention treatments of 0, 50 and 100% in sub-plots. Compared to conventional tillage, minimum tillage saved 60-66% of fuel and 70-74% of labour required for land preparation. Although minimum tillage reduced the land preparation cost significantly through saving fuel and labour, weed infestation was higher compared to conventional tillage, which influenced the cost of production. Rice seedlings transplanted under unpuddled strip tillage required more time than in conventional or single pass wet tillage due to poor visibility of strips and the hard surface of untilled soil. Bed planting incurred the lowest production cost. Tillage methods and residue treatment produced no significant grain yield differences. Rice grown with single pass wet tillage and maize grown with strip tillage gave the highest gross margin over time. Despite lack of treatment effects on yields, the results suggest that profitability of Rice-Maize cropping could be increased with minimum tillage, provided there is adequate control of weeds by herbicides.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Conservation agriculture options for a Rice-Maize cropping systems in Bangladesh

2015

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“…In California, differences in irrigation during the seedling recruitment period have been shown to shift the emergence of certain weed species when comparing wet-versus dry-seeded systems (Fischer et al 2009;Linquist et al 2008;Pittelkow et al 2012). In these systems, water seeding favored sedges and broadleaves, whereas dry seeding favored grasses, particularly watergrass and sprangletop species (Pittelkow et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weed Community Dynamics and System Productivity in Alternative Irrigation Systems in California Rice

2016

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Over the last 10 yr, California has experienced a series of ever-worsening droughts. Rice, traditionally a flooded crop, has come under increasing scrutiny with respect to its water use, leading to proposals to evaluate alternative irrigation systems. For growers, weed competition is one of the most limiting factors to maintaining high yields, so understanding the shifts among species in weed communities under the proposed alternative irrigation systems is vital. A field study was conducted from 2012 to 2014 to compare weed population and growth dynamics with three irrigation systems: (1) a conventional water-seeded control system (WS-Control), with a permanent flood of 10 to 15 cm from planting until 1 mo prior to harvest; (2) a water-seeded alternate wet and dry system (WS-AWD), with the field flooded from planting until canopy closure, after which floodwater was allowed to subside and the field was reflooded when the soil volumetric water content reached 35%; and (3) a drill-seeded alternate wet and dry system (DS-AWD), with rice drill seeded and then flush irrigated to establish the crop, after which the field was flooded until canopy closure and then underwent an alternate wet and dry (AWD) treatment similar to WS-AWD. In the AWD treatments, there were two drying periods, neither of which occurred after the heading stage. The dynamics of major weed species were evaluated using plant density counts (2012) and relative cover and biomass (2013 and 2014). Grasses (sprangletop and watergrass species) dominated the DS-AWD system; sedges, broadleaves, and grasses dominated both WS systems. The WS-AWD system increased smallflower umbrella sedge relative cover at canopy closure, relative dry weight at harvest, and percent frequency when compared with the WS-Control system. Yields did not differ across treatments when weeds were controlled (P > 0.05); in the absence of herbicides, yields in the WS-AWD were equivalent to the WS-Control (ranging from 40 to 65% of the herbicide-treated yields) and zero in the DS-AWD due to weed pressure. Nomenclature: bearded sprangletop, Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth N. Snow; ducksalad, Heteranthera rotundifolia (Kunth) Griseb.; redstem, Ammannia coccinea Rottb.; ricefield bulrush, Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla; smallflower umbrella sedge, Cyperus difformis L.; rice (Oryza sativa L.).

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“…However, the large differences in observed germination responses between stratified and nonstratified seeds are evidence that significant levels of dormancy had been removed by stratification. Secondary dormancy can lead E. oryzicola seeds to persist in seedbanks for as many as ten years [1]; thus although weed control techniques for this weed can be successful [8], [9], the complete eradication of the weed from a rice field is difficult [1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…E.phyllopogon Stapf ex Kossenko) is a morphological mimic of rice ( Oryza sativa ) that can germinate and initiate shoot growth under hypoxia in flooded paddies [1] and causes up to 50% rice yield losses in California if not controlled [2], [3]. Decades of heavy reliance on herbicides for E. oryzicola control [3] have resulted in the widespread occurrence of populations with simultaneous resistance to most available grass herbicidesfor selective use in rice [4]–[7].Successful control of herbicide-resistant E. oryzicola now hinges on maximizing weed seedling recruitment in order to eliminate such seedlings prior to planting the crop [8], [9].The stale seedbed approach entails recruiting and treating weeds prior to planting rice with a mechanical method or a broad-spectrum herbicide for which resistance does not exist in these weeds [9], [10]. The effectiveness of this approach would be optimized if the timing of weed seedling emergence under varying temperatures and irrigation regimes could be accurately predicted and if the conditions for maximizing emergence rate and synchrony could be identified [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratification Requirements for Seed Dormancy Alleviation in a Wetland Weed

2013

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Echinochloaoryzicola(syn.E. phyllopogon) is an exotic weed of California rice paddies that has evolved resistance to multiple herbicides. Elimination of seedlingsthroughcertain weed control methods can limit the spread of this weed, but is contingent on accurate predictions of germination and emergence timing, which are influenced by seed dormancy levels.In summer annuals, dormancy can often be relieved through stratification, a period of prolonged exposure to cold and moist conditions.We used population-based threshold models to quantify the effects of stratification on seed germination of four E. Oryzicola populations at a range of water potential (Ψ) and oxygen levels. We also determined how stratification temperatures, moisture levels and durations contributed to dormancy release. Stratification released dormancy by decreasing base Ψ and hydrotimerequired for germination and by eliminating any germination sensitivity to oxygen. Stratification also increased average germination rates (GR), which were used as a proxy for relative dormancy levels. Alternating temperatures nearly doubled GR in all populations, indicating that seeds could be partially dormant despite achieving high final germination percentages. Stratification at Ψ = 0 MPa increased GR compared to stratification at lower water potentials, demonstrating that Ψ contributed to regulating dormancy release. Maximum GR occurred after 2-4 weeks of stratification at 0 MPa; GR were often more rapid for herbicide-resistant than for herbicide-susceptible seeds, implying greater dormancy in the latter. Manipulation of field conditions to promote dormancy alleviation of E. oryzicola seeds might improve the rate and uniformity of germination for seed bank depletion through seedling weed control. Our results suggest field soil saturation in winter would contribute towards E. oryzicola dormancy release and decrease the time to seedling emergence.

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Minimum tillage could benefit California rice farmers

Cited by 29 publications

References 8 publications

Conservation agriculture options for a Rice-Maize cropping systems in Bangladesh

Conservation agriculture options for a Rice-Maize cropping systems in Bangladesh

Weed Community Dynamics and System Productivity in Alternative Irrigation Systems in California Rice

Stratification Requirements for Seed Dormancy Alleviation in a Wetland Weed

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