Available transfer capability enhancement with FACTS using hybrid PI-PSO

Abstract

In deregulation, growth in electrical loads necessitates improving power delivery, while nondiscriminatory access to transmission grid is a requirement. Deregulation causes a significant rise in transactions, which requires adequate transfer capability to secure economic transactions. In sustainable power delivery, FACTS devices are deployed to enhance available transfer capability (ATC). However, the high investment cost of FACTS makes the problem formulation a multiobjective optimization: power transfer maximization and minimization of FACTS sizes. Furthermore, due to the complexity in optimizing the control variables of voltage source converter types of FACTS, often the solution results in local optima and high computational time. This paper proposes a hybrid of real power flow performance index sensitivity (∂P I) and particle swarm optimization (PI-PSO) to solve the multiobjective optimization of ATC maximization with minimum FACTS sizes using continuation power flow. ∂P I identifies some high-potential locations with enhanced ATC at minimum FACTS size to constitute the PSO's reduced search space. As ∂P I may exhibit masking effects, iterative nexponent and Newton's divided difference approaches are proposed to reduce masking. The proposed PI-PSO is implemented with a thyristor control series compensator and static synchronous series compensator for both bilateral and multilateral transactions. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed PI-PSO over PSO regarding convergence characteristics, avoidance of local optima, and superior ATC values.

Optimal directional overcurrent relay coordination based on computational intelligence technique: a review

“…iv) It should be emphasised that by minimizing the impact of CTI on the relay operating time in its main protection zone with the increase of the integration of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) in the distribution network [110], the issue of coordinating protective relays becomes more difficult. Some methods have lately been carried out to counter the effect of the controlled series FACTS device, i.e.…”

Coordination of multi‐type FACTS for available transfer capability enhancement using PI–PSO

“…Upon evaluating the sensitivities of FACTS' controlled parameter to each power transfer transaction, an assessment of the ATC objective term is obtained. In [34], the comparative advantages of various ATC assessment approaches were documented.…”

“…The comprehensive documentation of CPF for ATC evaluation and enhancement with FACTS are given in [34, 36–38]. The assessment of enhanced ATC with FACTS due to the imposed constraints formulates to an optimisation objective, and at the maximum loading parameter, the ATC is evaluated as [39] Subject to …”

“…The criteria to obtained the reduced search space are detailed in [23, 34]. In the PI–PSO implementation detailed in [34], obtains a vector of likely candidate location of FACTS within which PSO optimises the size, thereby improving the overall algorithm's exploitation ability and avoid local optimal solutions. Equation (49) describes the particle's position, such that and X are location and size, respectively.…”

“…Equation (49) describes the particle's position, such that and X are location and size, respectively. For an m ‐dimension vector of candidate location, in addition to position and velocity updates of (50) and (51), respectively, in conventional PSO, position update in PI–PSO [34] is described in (52) …”