Avelumab in unresectable/metastatic, progressive, grade 2–3 neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs): Combined results from NET-001 and NET-002 trials

Durvalumab plus tremelimumab for the treatment of advanced neuroendocrine neoplasms of gastroenteropancreatic and lung origin: the phase II DUNE trial (GETNE 1601)

“…The long-term disease control rate was chosen as the primary endpoint to include long-term stabilization of the disease as a therapeutic success. The overall DCR (60.2%) was not signi cantly better than that previously reported with single ICI with pembrolizumab (59.8%) or spartalizumab (63.2%) 17,20 . Response to treatment was documented only in 8 (6.5%) patients, and was comparable to that reported for single ICI, or dual ICI with an ORR of 14.9% in advanced lung or GEP NENs [17][18][19][20]23 .…”

“…The overall DCR (60.2%) was not signi cantly better than that previously reported with single ICI with pembrolizumab (59.8%) or spartalizumab (63.2%) 17,20 . Response to treatment was documented only in 8 (6.5%) patients, and was comparable to that reported for single ICI, or dual ICI with an ORR of 14.9% in advanced lung or GEP NENs [17][18][19][20]23 . Patients with lung-NENs were previously identi ed as a potentially promising group for immunotherapy, with ORR ranging from 18.2% to 20% 19,22 .…”

“…Nevertheless, the role of immunotherapy in NENs remains controversial. Single agents targeting PD-L1 reported limited antitumor activity in NENs, particularly for well differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) [17][18][19][20][21] . Only patients with lung-NETs have achieved a higher objective response rate (ORR) of 20%, regardless of PD-L1 expression 20 .…”

“…Single agents targeting PD-L1 reported limited antitumor activity in NENs, particularly for well differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) [17][18][19][20][21] . Only patients with lung-NETs have achieved a higher objective response rate (ORR) of 20%, regardless of PD-L1 expression 20 . Conversely, toripalimab reported promising activity that was favourably associated with PD-L1-positive expression and high tumour mutational burden (TMB) regardless of tumour origin 21 .…”

Integrating Functional Imaging and Molecular Profiling for Optimal Treatment Selection in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NEN)

“…The response was based on primary site: with thoracic NEN being more likely to respond than GEP-NEN (ORR 24.7% vs 9.5% respectively) and well-differentiated tumours having a lower response rate than NECs (ORR 10.4% vs 22.7% respectively) [ 133 ]. Very limited activity has been observed with single-agent immunotherapy [ 134 , 135 ], relative to combined PD1 and CTL4 blockade. From the CA209-538 study, 29 patients with heavily pre-treated NETs were treated with a combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab.…”