Average-power mediated ultrafast laser osteotomy using a mode-locked Nd:YVO[sub 4] laser oscillator

Lee, Ye-Ming; Tu, Renyong; Chiang, Ann‐Shyn; Huang, Yen-Chieh

doi:10.1117/1.2821149

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Apart from these commercially available medical lasers, other types of lasers such as Nd:YVO 4 and free electron laser (FEL) have been tried successfully for bone material removal. Nd:YVO 4 laser resulted in heavy carbonization (charring) during ablation [44]. A tunable FEL was used for investigating effect of various wavelengths (2.79, 2.9, 6.1, and 6.45 µm) on the bone ablation ( Fig.…”

Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Dahotre

Joshi

2016

Machining of Bone and Hard Tissues

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Having explored the basics of important fundamental contact (mechanical) and noncontact (thermal) operations involved in machining of the bones, the discussion will proceed towards some of the non-conventional techniques. These techniques have evolved as a result of research works on interaction of bones with various energy sources such as photon/electron beam and mechanical vibrations. Hybrids of fundamentals operations of machining have also been taken into account. Laser, microwave, and ion-beam based methods have been discussed under beam based techniques. Ultrasonic machining which has been extensively explored for bone application has been dealt in a separate section. Pneumatic and hydraulic machining have been taken into account under the section on hybrid machining. These nonconventional/hybrid techniques are not as popular as conventional ones but hold a huge potential for the future. High Energy Beam Based TechniquesThe high energy beam based methods employ some sort of radiation as the means of energy source for removal of the bone material. These techniques have mostly been employed previously in case of the structural materials. Unlike conventional mechanical contact methods employing physical tools which result in generation of heat as the secondary effect, beam based techniques employ heat as the primary means of tooling. The heat is generated by means of various electromagnetic waves within the electromagnetic spectrum such as ultraviolet, microwave, and infrared with various combinations for ranges of energy and wavelength ( Fig. 3.1). As the combinations dictate the extent and mode of interaction of the energy source with the workpiece, any machining operation can be carried out with careful process control. Most common methods explored in this category include laser, ion-beam, and microwave machining which are discussed in detail in the following subsections. Laser MachiningLasers (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) have been used as a means of machining for quite some time now. Theoretically any wavelength within the electromagnetic spectrum can be made into a laser source. Principally, a lasing medium is excited using a energy source such as inert gas flash lamp. The input of energy (Fig. 3.2a) transfers the electrons within the atoms of the medium to higher energy state, technically termed as population inversion. On the other hand, the random absorption of energy gives rise to spontaneous emission (Fig. 3.2b). In case of population inversion, these electrons jump to lower energy state at the same time emitting photons of the same energy corresponding to difference between ground and excited state (Fig. 3.2c). A set of two mirrors, some times called resonators, one totally and the other partially reflecting, generates the chain reaction giving rise to highly concentrated beam coming out of the partially reflecting mirror (Fig. 3.3). This beam is monochromatic, coherent, and highly collimated in nature and can be employed for various applications depending on the wavele...

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Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Dahotre

Joshi

2016

Machining of Bone and Hard Tissues

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“…I NTEREST in ultra-short optical pulse sources is rapidly growing due to the wide range of emerging areas where subpicosecond pulses are providing new advances, from ultrahigh-bit-rate optical communications (such as OFDM systems [1]) to ultrafast spectroscopy [2] and biomedical applications [3]. Mode-locked fiber lasers are reliable, compact and cost-effective sources of stable sub-picosecond pulses [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active and Passive Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers for High-Speed High-Resolution Photonic Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Villanueva¹,

Ferri²,

Pérez-Millán

2012

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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We present a complete set of mode-locked fiber lasers designed for photonic analog-to-digital conversion. Design, simulation, fabrication, and characterization of Er-doped fiber lasers are carried out through optimizing their performance to suit the requirements of high-speed and high-resolution photonicassisted analog-to-digital converters. The required properties are achieved by active mode-locking on the basis of amplitude modulation of the cavity losses through a Mach-Zehnder modulator, and passive mode-locking on the basis of fast semiconductor saturable absorbers and intracavity polarizing fibers. The use of an intracavity polarizing fiber in combination with a fast saturable absorber allows dynamic control of the operation regimes through polarization control. Besides these oscillators designed with ring cavity structure, a short linear cavity with fundamental repetition frequency at the order of 1 GHz is studied, and an effective continuous tunability of the repetition frequency is obtained by an electromechanical transducer. Pulsed repetition rates up to 20 GHz, pulsewidths down to 500 fs, and time jitters below 180 fs are obtained. Fiber lasers based on standard and commercially available telecom devices are demonstrated to be a low-cost, compact, and versatile optical source for photonic-assisted analog-to-digital conversion.

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“…7 Studying the effect of different laser parameters on quality and efficiency of laser cutting in both soft and hard tissues is a topic of present interest. [8][9][10][11][12][13] Although laserosteotomy has become a generally accepted technique in various surgical applications, this technique has two main drawbacks: lack of realtime information about depth of the cut and lack of information about the properties of the ablated tissue; as a result, critical structures of the body under or near the focal spot of the laser beam are prone to iatrogenic damage. In addition, to be a practical tool, clinical lasers have to be safe and effective in removing tissue with limited collateral damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as a potential tool for autocarbonization detection in laserosteotomy

et al. 2018

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In laserosteotomy, it is vital to avoid thermal damage of the surrounding tissue, such as carbonization, since carbonization does not only deteriorate the ablation efficiency but also prolongs the healing process. The state-of-the-art method to avoid carbonization is irrigation systems; however, it is difficult to determine the desired flow rate of the air and cooling water based on previous experiments without online monitoring of the bone surface. Lack of such feedback during the ablation process can cause carbonization in case of a possible error in the irrigation system or slow down the cutting process when irrigating with too much cooling water. The aim of this paper is to examine laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as a potential tool for autocarbonization detection in laserosteotomy. By monitoring the laser-driven plasma generated during nanosecond pulse ablation of porcine bone samples, carbonization is hypothesized to be detectable. For this, the collected spectra were analyzed based on variation of a specific pair of emission line ratios in both groups of samples: normal and carbonized bone. The results confirmed a high accuracy of over 95% in classifying normal and carbonized bone.

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Average-power mediated ultrafast laser osteotomy using a mode-locked Nd:YVO[sub 4] laser oscillator

Cited by 18 publications

References 10 publications

Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Active and Passive Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers for High-Speed High-Resolution Photonic Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as a potential tool for autocarbonization detection in laserosteotomy

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