Avian Influenza A Virus (H7N7) Epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003: Course of the Epidemic and Effectiveness of Control Measures

Stegeman, Arjan; Bouma, A.; Elbers, A.R.W.; Jong, M.C.M. de; Nodelijk, G.; Klerk, Fred de; Koch, G.; Boven, Michiel van

doi:10.1086/425583

Cited by 262 publications

(276 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This is in contrast to the experience of the 2003 H7N7 HPAI outbreak in poultry flocks in The Netherlands, in which 255 flocks were infected (Stegeman et al 2004) and to models based on this outbreak (Le Menach et al 2006), which reported a mean of 184 infected farms . Similarly, analysis of data from four HPAI outbreaks (H7N7 in Italy, H7N7 in two areas in The Netherlands and H7N3 in Canada) suggest that even in the face of control measures the reproductive number often remains close to or above 1, highlighting the potential for propagating epidemics (Garske et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 85%

Epidemiological consequences of an incursion of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza into the British poultry flock

et al. 2007

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza and in particular the H5N1 strain has resulted in the culling of millions of birds and continues to pose a threat to poultry industries worldwide. The recent outbreak of H5N1 in the UK highlights the need for detailed assessment of the consequences of an incursion and of the efficacy of control strategies. Here, we present results from a model of H5N1 propagation within the British poultry industry. We find that although the majority of randomly seeded incursions do not spread beyond the initial infected premises, there is significant potential for widespread infection. The efficacy of the European Union strategy for disease control is evaluated and our simulations emphasize the pivotal role of duck farms in spreading H5N1.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 85%

Epidemiological consequences of an incursion of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza into the British poultry flock

et al. 2007

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“…Hence, it was striking that free-range poultry had the lowest viral prevalence and diversity, likely reflecting their low population density and relative isolation compared with economic flocks (Stegeman et al, 2004). However, free-range poultry may still play an important role in AIV ecology and evolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and evolution of avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets, free-range poultry and wild wetland birds in China

Chen

Lin

Guo

et al. 2016

Journal of General Virology

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The wide circulation of novel avian influenza viruses (AIVs) highlights the risk of pandemic influenza emergence in China. To investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of AIVs in different ecological contexts, we surveyed AIVs in live poultry markets (LPMs), free-range poultry and the wetland habitats of wild birds in Zhejiang and Hubei provinces. Notably, LPMs contained the highest frequency of AIV infection, and the greatest number of subtypes (n59) and subtype co-infections (n514), as well as frequent reassortment, suggesting that they play an active role in fuelling AIV transmission. AIV-positive samples were also identified in wild birds in both provinces and free-range poultry in one sampling site close to a wetland region in Hubei. H9N2, H7N9 and H5N1 were the most commonly sampled subtypes in the LPMs from Zhejiang, whilst H5N6 and H9N2 were the dominant subtypes in the LPMs from Hubei. Phylogenetic analyses of the whole-genome sequences of 43 AIVs revealed that three reassortant H5 subtypes were circulating in LMPs in both geographical regions. Notably, the viruses sampled from the wetland regions and free-range poultry contained complex reassortants, for which the origins of some segments were unclear. Overall, our study highlights the extent of AIV genetic diversity in two highly populated parts of central and south-eastern China, particularly in LPMs, and emphasizes the need for continual surveillance.

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“…It is assumed that within each treatment all susceptible birds are equally susceptible, all infectious birds are equally infectious, and that each infectious bird is equally infectious over time. Furthermore, it is assumed that each infected bird constitutes an independent risk to infect a susceptible bird.ˇfollows from the intercept of the model, and subsequently the reproduction ratio R 0 can be estimated by taking the product of the estimatedˇand the estimated mean length of the infectious period, with the latter directly observed from the unvaccinated contact turkeys [17,18]. Virus shedding was compared between inoculated unvaccinated and vaccinated birds by means of a Fisher's exact test, and the NPAR1WAY procedure in SAS ® was used to compare HI antibody titres between groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of H7N1 vaccination on highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N7 virus transmission in turkeys

Bos¹,

Nielen²,

Koch³

et al. 2008

Vaccine

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a b s t r a c tThis study describes the results of a transmission experiment with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N7 virus in 12-week-old turkeys. Cloacal and tracheal swabs as well as serum samples were taken to monitor the infection both in inoculated and in susceptible contact turkeys, which were all either unvaccinated, vaccinated once or vaccinated twice with H7N1. Swabs were tested by real-time RT-PCR and serum samples with hemagglutination inhibition test (HI). Unvaccinated contact birds had a mean infectious period of 6.2 days, and an estimated transmission rate parameter of 1.26 per infectious bird per day. However, no virus shedding was found in inoculated vaccinated turkeys and thus we concluded that vaccination with H7N1 protected against challenge with HPAI H7N7 virus.

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Avian Influenza A Virus (H7N7) Epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003: Course of the Epidemic and Effectiveness of Control Measures

Cited by 262 publications

References 29 publications

Epidemiological consequences of an incursion of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza into the British poultry flock

Epidemiological consequences of an incursion of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza into the British poultry flock

Diversity and evolution of avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets, free-range poultry and wild wetland birds in China

Effect of H7N1 vaccination on highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N7 virus transmission in turkeys

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