Avian influenza and sialic acid receptors: more than meets the eye?

Olofsson, Sigvard; Kumlin, Urban; Dimock, Ken; Arnberg, Niklas

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(05)01311-3

Cited by 83 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Although our understanding of the receptor-binding profile of H7 haemagglutinins has improved in recent years, 54 it is unlikely that ocular tropism is governed solely by this property, as binding of both human and avian influenza viruses to mammalian ocular tissue has been reported. 43 However, when considering the role cellular receptors appear to play in the ocular tropism of other respiratory pathogens, 52 a more detailed investigation regarding the distribution of glycan receptors on the human ocular surface, as conducted previously for human respiratory tissue, 55 is warranted. In situations where respiratory but not ocular protection is worn, the nasolacrimal duct plays a critical function in facilitating the drainage of virus-containing fluid from the eye to the nasopharyngeal space, but does not represent a frequently studied tissue in influenza research, nor has the ability of influenza virus to replicate specifically within this tissue (found to possess both α2,3 and α2,6 linked sialic acid) been shown experimentally.…”

Section: Ocular Tropism Can Be Measured In the Laboratorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, as these studies have largely been done with cultured monolayers or ex-vivo tissues, they are not designed to capture the involvement of ocular surface mucins or tear film in infection dynamics. As ocular secretory mucins possess sialic acids and serve an important role in host defence, 52,53 characterisation of the role ocular secretions play in preventing or facilitating influenza virus infection is necessary.…”

Section: Ocular Tropism Can Be Measured In the Laboratorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The eyes have it: influenza virus infection beyond the respiratory tract

Belser

Lash

Garg

et al. 2018

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

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Avian and human influenza A viruses alike have shown a capacity to use the eye as a portal of entry and cause ocular disease in human beings. However, whereas influenza viruses generally represent a respiratory pathogen and only occasionally cause ocular complications, the H7 virus subtype stands alone in possessing an ocular tropism. Clarifying what confers such non-respiratory tropism to a respiratory virus will permit a greater ability to identify, treat, and prevent zoonotic human infection following ocular exposure to influenza viruses; especially those within the H7 subtype, which continue to cause avian epidemics on many continents.

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Section: Ocular Tropism Can Be Measured In the Laboratorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ocular Tropism Can Be Measured In the Laboratorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The eyes have it: influenza virus infection beyond the respiratory tract

Belser

Lash

Garg

et al. 2018

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

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“…Although prophylactic use of oseltamivir reduced virus transmission to and between professionals exposed to infected poultry as shown by decreased seroprevalence of H7 antibodies in those persons, 118 a veterinarian died of pneumonia due to handling of infected poultry 114 , 119 , 120 . The majority of infected humans suffered from conjunctivitis rather than respiratory illness, 117 , 119 , 121 and H7N7 was mostly detected from eye swabs compared with throat swabs 119 . Interestingly, serological surveillance indicated that at least one thousand people contracted H7N7 virus, most of them with no symptoms.…”

Section: Epidemic Of H7n7 In the Netherlandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic changes that accompanied shifts of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses toward higher pathogenicity in poultry

Mostafa

Veits²,

Mettenleiter³

2013

Virulence

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Avian influenza viruses (AIV) of H5 and H7 subtypes exhibit two different pathotypes in poultry: infection with low pathogenic (LP) strains results in minimal, if any, health disturbances, whereas highly pathogenic (HP) strains cause severe morbidity and mortality. LPAIV of H5 and H7 subtypes can spontaneously mutate into HPAIV. Ten outbreaks caused by HPAIV are known to have been preceded by circulation of a predecessor LPAIV in poultry. Three of them were caused by H5N2 subtype and seven involved H7 subtype in combination with N1, N3, or N7. Here, we review those outbreaks and summarize the genetic changes which resulted in the transformation of LPAIV to HPAIV under natural conditions. Mutations that were found directly in those outbreaks are more likely to be linked to virulence, pathogenesis, and early adaptation of AIV.

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“…The putative LPAI mallard virus had a monobasic CS “PEIP KG R/GLF”, while the HPAIV H7N7 had a characteristic pCS “PEIP KRRR R/GLF”20. Unexpectedly, the Dutch HPAIV H7N7 infected humans representing one of the largest documented AIV-related human outbreaks2223. Therefore, the virulence of the parental virus was extensively studied in mouse and ferret models2425.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of the Hemagglutinin Polybasic Proteolytic Cleavage Motif Mediates Variable Virulence of H7N7 Avian Influenza Viruses

Mostafa

Veits

Ulrich

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Acquisition of a polybasic cleavage site (pCS) in the hemagglutinin (HA) is a prerequisite for the shift of low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza virus (AIV) to the highly pathogenic (HP) form in chickens. Whereas presence of a pCS is required for high pathogenicity, less is known about the effect of composition of pCS on virulence of AIV particularly H7N7. Here, we investigated the virulence of four avian H7N7 viruses after insertion of different naturally occurring pCS from two HPAIV H7N7 (designated pCSGE and pCSUK) or from H7N1 (pCSIT). In vitro, the different pCS motifs modulated viral replication and the HA cleavability independent on the HA background. However, in vivo, the level of virulence conferred by the different pCS varied significantly. Within the respective viral backgrounds viruses with pCSIT and pCSGE were more virulent than those coding for pCSUK. The latter showed also the most restricted spread in inoculated birds. Besides the pCS, other gene segments modulated virulence of these H7N7 viruses. Together, the specific composition of the pCS significantly influences virulence of H7N7 viruses. Eurasian LPAIV H7N7 may shift to high pathogenicity after acquisition of “specific” pCS motifs and/or other gene segments from HPAIV.

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Avian influenza and sialic acid receptors: more than meets the eye?

Cited by 83 publications

References 66 publications

The eyes have it: influenza virus infection beyond the respiratory tract

The eyes have it: influenza virus infection beyond the respiratory tract

Genetic changes that accompanied shifts of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses toward higher pathogenicity in poultry

Composition of the Hemagglutinin Polybasic Proteolytic Cleavage Motif Mediates Variable Virulence of H7N7 Avian Influenza Viruses

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