Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 Survival at Different Temperatures and pHs

Davidson, Irit; Nagar, Sagit; Haddas, Ruth; Ben-Shabat, M.; Golender, Natalia; Lapin, E.; Altory, Amira; Simanov, Luba; Ribshtein, Israel; Panshin, Alexander; Perk, Shimon

doi:10.1637/8736-032509-resnote.1

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Our results showed that the 2009 pandemic A(H1N1) virus had the ability to persist in water and on glass surface for several weeks, even at 35°C. As described previously, low temperature increased virus survival [5]–[7], [17]. At low salinity levels (0 and 5 ppt), maximum estimated survival times varied between 698 and 1097 days.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Persistence of the 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in Water and on Non-Porous Surface

et al. 2011

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Knowledge of influenza A virus survival in different environmental conditions is a key element for the implementation of hygiene and personal protection measures by health authorities. As it is dependent on virus isolates even within the same subtype, we studied the survival of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm) virus in water and on non-porous surface. The H1N1pdm virus was subjected to various environmental parameters over time and tested for infectivity. In water, at low and medium salinity levels and 4°C, virus survived at least 200 days. Increasing temperature and salinity had a strong negative effect on the survival of the virus which remained infectious no more than 1 day at 35°C and 270 parts per thousand (ppt) of salt. Based on modeled data, the H1N1pdm virus retained its infectivity on smooth non-porous surface for at least 7 days at 35°C and up to 66 days at 4°C. The H1N1pdm virus has thus the ability to persist in water and on glass surface for extended periods of time, even at 35°C. Additional experiments suggest that external viral structures in direct contact with the environment are mostly involved in loss of virus infectivity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Persistence of the 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in Water and on Non-Porous Surface

et al. 2011

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“…The reason for lack of detection in the environmental specimens is not clear, but we suspect that the high environmental temperatures in Kenya may limit the survival of any virus shed in feces by the birds. Reduced viability of several AIV subtypes has been shown to be associated with increases in temperature 24–26 . The presence of rt RT‐PCR inhibitors could also have limited influenza A viral RNA detection in these samples 22 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of influenza A virus in live bird markets in Kenya, 2009–2011

Munyua

Githinji

Waiboci

et al. 2012

Influenza Resp Viruses

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Please cite this paper as: Munyua et al. (2013) Detection of influenza A virus in live bird markets in Kenya, 2009–2011. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(2), 113–119. Background Surveillance for influenza viruses within live bird markets (LBMs) has been recognized as an effective tool for detecting circulating avian influenza viruses (AIVs). In Sub‐Saharan Africa, limited data exist on AIVs in animal hosts, and in Kenya the presence of influenza virus in animal hosts has not been described. Objectives This surveillance project aimed to detect influenza A virus in poultry traded in five LBMs in Kenya. Methods We visited each market monthly and collected oropharyngeal and cloacal specimens from poultry and environmental specimens for virological testing for influenza A by real time RT‐PCR. On each visit, we collected information on the number and types of birds in each market, health status of the birds, and market practices. Results During March 24, 2009–February 28, 2011, we collected 5221 cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs. Of the 5199 (99·6%) specimens tested, influenza A virus was detected in 42 (0·8%), including 35/4166 (0·8%) specimens from chickens, 3/381 (0·8%) from turkeys, and 4/335 (1·2%) from geese. None of the 317 duck specimens were positive. Influenza was more commonly detected in oropharyngeal [33 (1·3%)] than in cloacal [9 (0·4%)] specimens. None of the 485 environmental specimens were positive. Virus was detected in all five markets during most (14/22) of the months. Ducks and geese were kept longer at the market (median 30 days) than chickens (median 2 days). Conclusions Influenza A was detected in a small percentage of poultry traded in LBMs in Kenya. Efforts should be made to promote practices that could limit the maintenance and transmission of AIVs in LBMs.

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“…In most cases, viruses tend to survive better at lower temperatures (25,35,42,43), and the temperature fluctuations could result in virus inactivation. In addition, alfalfa sprouts provided a neutral pH (44), and pH ranging from 6 to 8 has been shown to be preferable for virus survival, with decreased rates of inactivation (25,42,43,45). HBSS contains salts and provides a stable pH at ϳ7.25, which is within that range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Murine Norovirus, Tulane Virus, and Hepatitis A Virus on Alfalfa Seeds and Sprouts during Storage and Germination

Wang

Hirneisen

Markland

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Human norovirus (huNoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) have been involved in several produce-associated outbreaks and identified as major food-borne viral etiologies. In this study, the survival of huNoV surrogates (murine norovirus [MNV] and Tulane virus [TV]) and HAV was investigated on alfalfa seeds during storage and postgermination. Alfalfa seeds were inoculated with MNV, TV, or HAV with titers of 6.46 ؎ 0.06 log PFU/g, 3.87 ؎ 0.38 log PFU/g, or 7.01 ؎ 0.07 log 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID 50 )/g, respectively. Inoculated seeds were stored for up to 50 days at 22°C and sampled during that storage period on days 0, 2, 5, 10, and 15. Following storage, virus presence was monitored over a 1-week germination period. Viruses remained infectious after 50 days, with titers of 1.61 ؎ 0.19 log PFU/g, 0.85 ؎ 0.21 log PFU/g, and 3.43 ؎ 0.21 log TCID 50 /g for MNV, TV, and HAV, respectively. HAV demonstrated greater persistence than MNV and TV, without a statistically significant reduction over 20 days (<1 log TCID 50 /g); however, relatively high levels of genomic copies of all viruses persisted over the testing time period. Low titers of viruses were found on sprouts and were located in all tissues as well as in sprout-spent water sampled on days 1, 3, and 6 following seed planting. Results revealed the persistence of viruses in seeds for a prolonged period of time, and perhaps of greater importance these data suggest the ease of which virus may transfer from seeds to sprouts and spent water during germination. These findings highlight the importance of sanitation and prevention procedures before and during germination.

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Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 Survival at Different Temperatures and pHs

Cited by 22 publications

References 5 publications

Persistence of the 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in Water and on Non-Porous Surface

Persistence of the 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in Water and on Non-Porous Surface

Detection of influenza A virus in live bird markets in Kenya, 2009–2011

Survival of Murine Norovirus, Tulane Virus, and Hepatitis A Virus on Alfalfa Seeds and Sprouts during Storage and Germination

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