Avian luxations: occurrence, diagnosis and treatment

Abstract

Whereas the treatment of fractures in birds has been a matter of multiple studies and reviews, comparatively little information is available for the treatment of luxations in birds. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding the frequency, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of luxations in birds, aiming to guide the clinician in private practice as well as future research. The type, the localization, and the frequency of luxation do not follow a concrete pattern. In general, pet and aviary birds are more susceptible to leg and spinal luxations while in wild birds wing luxations are more frequently observed. Diagnosis is made on the basis of detailed orthopedic and radiographic examinations. Conservative management and coaptation has been successfully used in carpal, minor elbow, shoulder, coracoid, and metatarsophalangeal luxations. Surgical management is recommended in palatine bone, metacarpophalangeal, severe elbow, coxofemoral, stifle, and intertarsal joint luxations. The techniques, which have been applied, include arthrodesis, femoral head osteotomy, polymer rods, bone plates, and internal and external fixation in various combinations. Currently, there are no controlled studies, which underline the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.

Kuğularda (Cygnus cygnus ve Cygnus atratus) Melek Kanat Sendromu

“…It can occur with one wing or both. Radiological examination showed deformation of the carpometacarpal joints in all cases [11] . The principles of positioning the avian patient for radiography are the same as for other species.…”

“…But, as the swans evaluated in this study were adults, there was no desired improvement. Although a mild improvement was seen in the swans that were in acute phase of the disease [9,11,12] . Male birds seem to be more prone to this condition than females.…”

The diagnosis of scapulohumeral luxation and avulsion fracture with 3-dimensional computed tomography in a yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis)

“…Pectoral girdle injuries commonly occur when birds crash into solid objects, such as walls, windows, or cars (Scheelings, 2014). These injuries are presented commonly coracoid fractures, scapulohumeral luxations, clavicle fractures (Azmanis et al, 2014;Scheelings, 2014). Luxation or dislocation is the abnormal displacement of a bone from a joint.…”

Intertarsal Joint Stabilization in a Bateleur Eagle (Terathopius ecaudatus) Using a Novel Application of a Braided Suture and Titanium Button System

“…Luxation of the intertarsal joint in avian patients is often due to trauma or underlying developmental abnormalities such as avulsion of the attachment site for the flexor hallucis muscle, rupture or displacement of the tibial cartilage, displacement of the gastrocnemius tendon, or rupture of the collateral ligaments and joint retinaculum [1–3]. Joint instability may lead to progressive and potentially debilitating osteoarthritis due to the abnormal biomechanical forces applied to the joint, and correcting joint instability plays an important role in preventing or reducing the severity of osteoarthritic changes.…”

“…Surgical options include direct repair or replacement of ligaments and tendons, external fixation to allow fibrosis of the periarticular tissues, application of stabilization implants, arthrodesis, and amputation [1–5]. Despite the current recommendations for surgical intervention, there is little information available describing or evaluating different surgical techniques for treating luxation of the avian intertarsal joint [3]. …”