Avoidance response of Danio rerio to a fungicide in a linear contamination gradient

Predicting the effects of copper on local population decline of 2 marine organisms, cobia fish and whiteleg shrimp, based on avoidance response

“…For instance, a reduction in the abundance of the Oncorhynchus mykiss fish population in contaminated areas has been partially attributed to organisms retreating to less disturbed environments . This evidence reinforces the hypothesis that contaminants can disturb the environment by affecting organisms directly (if organisms do not move and suffer toxic effects) and indirectly by triggering the organisms' avoidance response . The risk for the environment is increased because avoidance behavior can occur even at concentrations considered safe at the individual level.…”

Toxicity Bioassays on Benthic Diatoms

“…Recently, assays in which avoidance has been used as an endpoint have employed a multicompartmental system where a contamination gradient is formed and organisms can freely move and choose less-contaminated compartments (Ara ujo et al, 2014a). Avoidance has been studied on freshwater organisms with considerable active displacement (e.g., cladocera, tadpoles, fish), and results have shown the high sensitivity and reliability of this response to different contaminants (Rosa et al, 2012;Ara ujo et al, 2014a,b).…”

Immediate and mid-term effects of pyrimethanil toxicity on microalgae by simulating an episodic contamination

“…Within the similar pyrimethanil range, the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus revealed a NOEC of 4 mg L À1 with respect to reproduction and the snail Physella acuta presented embryo LC 50 of 0.402 mg L À1 . The lethal concentration for the fish Oncorhyncus mykiss was between 14 and 35 mg L À1 (van Leeuwen and Vonk, 2008) and avoidance of 50% of juvenile fish Danio rerio was observed at 1 mg L À1 pyrimethanil (Araújo et al, 2014a). The growth of the macrophytes Lemna minor and Lemna gibba were likewise inhibited by pyrimethanil with a growth EC 50 of 23 and 7.8 mg L À1 , respectively (PPDB, 2009;Seeland et al, 2012).…”