Avoiding power broadening in optically detected magnetic resonance of single NV defects for enhanced dc magnetic field sensitivity

Dréau, A.; Lesik, Margarita; Rondin, Loïc; Spinicelli, Piernicola; Arcizet, Olivier; Roch, Jean-François; Jacques, Vincent

doi:10.1103/physrevb.84.195204

Cited by 413 publications

(430 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…MHz between ESR frequencies associated with different nuclear spin projections [6]. This hyperfine structure can be easily observed in our sample by decreasing the microwave power in order to reduce power broadening of the ESR linewidth [3] (Fig. 5(c)).…”

Section: Adiabatic Pulse Parametersmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…On the one hand, microscopic systems such as atoms or spins are naturally well decoupled from their environment and as such can reach extremely long coherence times [1,2]; on the other hand, more macroscopic objects such as superconducting circuits are strongly coupled to electromagnetic fields, making them easy to entangle [3,4] although with shorter coherence times [5,6]. It thus seems appealing to combine the two types of systems in hybrid structures that could possibly take the best of both worlds.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hybrid Quantum Circuit with a Superconducting Qubit Coupled to a Spin Ensemble

et al. 2011

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Present-day implementations of quantum information processing rely on two widely different types of quantum bits (qubits). On the one hand, microscopic systems such as atoms or spins are naturally well decoupled from their environment and as such can reach extremely long coherence times [1,2]; on the other hand, more macroscopic objects such as superconducting circuits are strongly coupled to electromagnetic fields, making them easy to entangle [3,4] although with shorter coherence times [5,6]. It thus seems appealing to combine the two types of systems in hybrid structures that could possibly take the best of both worlds. Here we report the first experimental realization of a hybrid quantum circuit in which a superconducting qubit of the transmon type [5,7] is coherently coupled to a spin ensemble consisting of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in a diamond crystal [8] via a frequency-tunable superconducting resonator [9] acting as a quantum bus. Using this circuit, we prepare arbitrary superpositions of the qubit states that we store into collective excitations of the spin ensemble and retrieve back later on into the qubit. We demonstrate that this process preserves quantum coherence by performing quantum state tomography of the qubit. These results constitute a first proof of concept of spin-ensemble based quantum memory for superconducting qubits [10][11][12]. As a landmark of the successful marriage between a superconducting qubit and electronic spins, we detect with the qubit the hyperfine structure of the NV center.Superconducting qubits have been successfully coupled to electromagnetic [13] as well as mechanical [14] resonators; but coupling them to microscopic systems in a controlled way has up to now remained an elusive perspective -even though qubits sometimes turn out to be coupled to unknown and uncontrolled microscopic degrees of freedom with relatively short coherence times [15]. Whereas the coupling constant g of one individual microscopic system to a superconducting circuit is usually too weak for quantum information applications, ensembles of N such systems are coupled with a constant g √ N enhanced by collective effects.This makes possible to reach a regime of strong coupling between one collective variable of the ensemble and the circuit. This collective variable, which behaves in the low excitation limit as a harmonic oscillator, has been proposed [10-12] as a quantum memory for storing the state of superconducting qubits. Experimentally, the strong coupling between an ensemble of electronic spins and a superconducting resonator has been demonstrated 2 spectroscopically [16][17][18], and the storage of a microwave field into collective excitations of a spin ensemble has been observed very recently [19,20]. These experiments were however carried out in a classical regime since the resonator and spin ensemble behaved as two coupled harmonic oscillators driven by large microwave fields. In the perspective of building a quantum memory, it is instead necessary to perform experiments at the level of a...

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Section: Adiabatic Pulse Parametersmentioning

confidence: 88%

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confidence: 99%

Hybrid Quantum Circuit with a Superconducting Qubit Coupled to a Spin Ensemble

et al. 2011

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“…When limited by spin-projection noise, the sensitivity is proportional to Γ/N , where Γ is the ODMR linewidth and N is the number of NV centers probed [1,7,8]. In practice, the transitions are inhomogeneously broadened due to differences in the NV local environments, limiting the ensemble sensitivity.…”

Section: The Nvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This scheme addresses a two-level subsystem (m s = 0 and +1) and uses a modified pulsed-ODMR sequence (similar to that of Ref. [8]). A spectrally-narrow "hole" π-pulse first shelves some NVs into the m s = +1 state, after which a probe π-pulse reads out its effect on the NV population distribution.…”

Section: The Nvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave saturation spectroscopy of nitrogen-vacancy ensembles in diamond

et al. 2014

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Negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV − ) centers in diamond have generated much recent interest for their use in sensing. The sensitivity improves when the NV ground-state microwave transitions are narrow, but these transitions suffer from inhomogeneous broadening, especially in high-density NV ensembles. To better understand and remove the sources of broadening, we demonstrate room-temperature spectral "hole burning" of the NV ground-state transitions. We find that hole burning removes the broadening caused by magnetic fields from13 C nuclei and demonstrate that it can be used for magnetic-field-insensitive thermometry. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center in diamond is a defect center consisting of a substitutional nitrogen atom adjacent to a missing carbon atom. When negatively charged (NV − ), its ground state has electronic spin 1 (Fig. 1a), and physical parameters such as magnetic field, electric field, and temperature affect the energies of its magnetic sublevels [1][2][3]. One can measure these parameters by employing optically-detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) techniques [4,5], which use microwave (MW) fields resonant with the NV transitions and detect changes in fluorescence in the presence of excitation light. The NV− ground-state sublevels can be optically accessed and have long spin-relaxation times at room temperature [6], making them useful for sensing. When limited by spin-projection noise, the sensitivity is proportional to Γ/N , where Γ is the ODMR linewidth and N is the number of NV centers probed [1,7,8]. In practice, the transitions are inhomogeneously broadened due to differences in the NV local environments, limiting the ensemble sensitivity. Diamond samples with more paramagnetic impurities also have more inhomogeneous broadening, meaning that larger N often comes with larger Γ. Furthermore, NVs with different Larmor frequencies dephase, which is a limitation in some applications. Although refocusing pulse sequences (such as Hahn echo) can restore the coherence, identifying the sources of ODMR linewidth broadening is essential for NV applications and for understanding the underlying diamond spin-bath and crystal-strain physics.In this work we demonstrate novel use of saturation spectroscopy (or "hole-burning") techniques in an NV ensemble. This is motivated by saturation spectroscopy in atoms, where a spectrally-narrow pump laser selects atoms of a particular velocity class by removing them from their initial state, allowing one to recover narrow absorption lines with a probe laser [9].We present two hole-burning schemes. The analytically simpler scheme ("pulsed hole-burning") is depicted in Fig. 1b. This scheme addresses a two-level subsystem (m s = 0 and +1) and uses a modified pulsed-ODMR sequence (similar to that of Ref.[8]). A spectrally-narrow "hole" π-pulse first shelves some NVs into the m s = +1 state, after which a probe π-pulse reads out its effect on the NV population distribution. Figure 1c shows that using this method can yield hole widths significantly narrower than t...

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“…Here we account for both the electron and the nuclear spin of the NV, which reveals complex dynamics of nuclear spin state degeneracy and previously unobserved hyperfine level anticrossings. These features occur at a low magnetic field (B ⊥ 40 G) as compared to the B || ∼ 500 and B || ∼ 1000 G excited-and ground-state crossings [17][18][19][20], which have been used for nuclear spin polarization, providing increased sensitivity to resonance shifts through narrower effective linewidth and increased contrast [21][22][23][24]. We find excellent agreement between experiment and theory and discuss the utility of the nuclear spin degeneracy regime toward NV sensing applications and solid-state atomic memories based on nuclear spin polarization.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diamond-nitrogen-vacancy electronic and nuclear spin-state anticrossings under weak transverse magnetic fields

et al. 2016

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We report on detailed studies of electronic and nuclear spin states in the diamond-nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center under weak transverse magnetic fields. We numerically predict and experimentally verify a previously unobserved NV hyperfine level anticrossing (LAC) occurring at bias fields of tens of gauss-two orders of magnitude lower than previously reported LACs at ∼500 and ∼1000 G axial magnetic fields. We then discuss how the NV ground-state Hamiltonian can be manipulated in this regime to tailor the NV's sensitivity to environmental factors and to map into the nuclear spin state. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.94.021401 Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect centers in diamond are optically polarizable quantum systems with spin-dependent fluorescence. Using electron spin resonance (ESR) under ambient conditions, sensitivity to electric fields [1][2][3][4], transverse and axial magnetic fields [5][6][7][8][9][10], temperature [11][12][13][14], strain [15], and pressure [16] have been observed via resonance frequency shifts of the NV ground-state manifold. Nonseparable sensitivity to multiple environmental factors is problematic when it comes to using the NV as a sensor. However, the Hamiltonian governing the measurable frequency shifts can be tailored to enhance (or to suppress) sensitivity to different physical phenomena. A magnetic bias field applied parallel or perpendicular [B || or B ⊥ as shown in Fig. 1(a)] to the NV's axis in the diamond crystal lattice energetically separates the spin states and increases sensitivity to magnetic or electric fields, respectively.In this Rapid Communication, we investigate an unexplored weak-field regime in which electronic spin ground-state energy level splittings are on par with the Zeeman shift induced by an applied magnetic field. Here we account for both the electron and the nuclear spin of the NV, which reveals complex dynamics of nuclear spin state degeneracy and previously unobserved hyperfine level anticrossings. These features occur at a low magnetic field (B ⊥ 40 G) as compared to the B || ∼ 500 and B || ∼ 1000 G excited-and ground-state crossings [17][18][19][20], which have been used for nuclear spin polarization, providing increased sensitivity to resonance shifts through narrower effective linewidth and increased contrast [21][22][23][24]. We find excellent agreement between experiment and theory and discuss the utility of the nuclear spin degeneracy regime toward NV sensing applications and solid-state atomic memories based on nuclear spin polarization. While the results described here are specific to the NV, similar anticrossings are expected in any spin-1 (or higher) defect center that shows hyperfine level splitting on the same order of magnitude as double-electron spin flip anticrossings.The NV is a two-site defect with a spin-1 electronic ground state, which is magnetically coupled to nearby nuclear spins.For a single NV orientation, energy level shifts are described by the following spin Hamiltonian of the ground triplet state in the presence of magnetic, electric, ...

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Avoiding power broadening in optically detected magnetic resonance of single NV defects for enhanced dc magnetic field sensitivity

Cited by 413 publications

References 38 publications

Hybrid Quantum Circuit with a Superconducting Qubit Coupled to a Spin Ensemble

Hybrid Quantum Circuit with a Superconducting Qubit Coupled to a Spin Ensemble

Microwave saturation spectroscopy of nitrogen-vacancy ensembles in diamond

Diamond-nitrogen-vacancy electronic and nuclear spin-state anticrossings under weak transverse magnetic fields

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