Frequent accidents caused by underground pipeline damage are a widespread societal concern. Trenchless rehabilitation methods, particularly cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, are increasingly used for pipeline repair with great success. Existing research is mainly concerned with practical improvements in rehabilitation and evaluating the performance of rehabilitation. In this study, the model of corroded buried concrete pipeline that had been rehabilitated with CIPP was established using numerical methods, and the Mesh-based parallel-Code Coupling Interface (MpCCI) was used to investigate multifield coupling effects of soil pressure, traffic load, and fluid-structure interactions. Moreover, the influences of corrosion depth, corrosion width, traffic load, cover depth, and water quantity on CIPP wall thickness were compared and analyzed. The result shows that maximum principal stress and vertical displacement of pipeline markedly decreased after CIPP rehabilitation, and thus the new CIPP can carry loads in a deteriorated pipe. Stress and displacement of the composite pipe liner were positively correlated with corrosion depth and negatively correlated with corrosion width. Increase in traffic load rapidly increases von Mises stress of CIPP, and increase in cover depth rapidly increases maximum principal stress of pipeline. Water flow has little effect on the pipe liner, and flow capacity increases slightly after CIPP rehabilitation. CIPP wall thickness was positively correlated with corrosion depth, traffic load, cover depth, and water quantity and negatively correlated with corrosion width.