Axial Growth and Changes in Lenticular and Corneal Power during Emmetropization in Infants

Mutti, D O; Mitchell, G. Lynn; Jones, L. A.; Friedman, Nina E.; Frane, Sara L.; Lin, Wen-Long; Moeschberger, M. L.; Zadnik, Karla

doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2006.03.009

Cited by 19 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…During infancy and childhood, structural changes occur within the eye to minimise refractive error. Axial length increases proportionately to a decrease in the dioptric power of the optical components of the eye, which suggests biological, passive regulation of eye growth, 19 a process termed emmetropisation. 20 Refractive errors are primarily determined by axial length changes 21 that are disproportionate to the change in the ocular refractive power, where a slowed and increased rate of axial eye growth results in hyperopia and myopia, respectively, due to a failure in emmetropisation.…”

Section: Visual Regulation Of Eye Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review

Hughes

Vincent

Read

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Evidence from animal and human studies suggests that ocular growth is influenced by visual experience. Reduced retinal image quality and imposed optical defocus result in predictable changes in axial eye growth. Higher order aberrations are optical imperfections of the eye that alter retinal image quality despite optimal correction of spherical defocus and astigmatism. Since higher order aberrations reduce retinal image quality and produce variations in optical vergence across the entrance pupil of the eye, they may provide optical signals that contribute to the regulation and modulation of eye growth and refractive error development. The magnitude and type of higher order aberrations vary with age, refractive error, and during near work and accommodation. Furthermore, distinctive changes in higher order aberrations occur with various myopia control treatments, including atropine, near addition spectacle lenses, orthokeratology and soft multifocal and dual‐focus contact lenses. Several plausible mechanisms have been proposed by which higher order aberrations may influence axial eye growth, the development of refractive error, and the treatment effect of myopia control interventions. Future studies of higher order aberrations, particularly during childhood, accommodation, and treatment with myopia control interventions are required to further our understanding of their potential role in refractive error development and eye growth.

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Section: Visual Regulation Of Eye Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review

Hughes

Vincent

Read

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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“…[28][29][30] There is a concurrent rapid increase of 2-3 mm in axial length during the first one-two years of life, primarily due to an expansion in the vitreous chamber. [31][32][33] The rapid reduction in hyperopia and the changes in axial length during the early phase of emmetropisation are strongly correlated. 32,33 More importantly, based on evidence from animal models, the increase in axial length during the postnatal period in infant human eyes is believed to be modulated by active visual feedback from the hyperopic refractive error.…”

Section: Emmetropisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[31][32][33] The rapid reduction in hyperopia and the changes in axial length during the early phase of emmetropisation are strongly correlated. 32,33 More importantly, based on evidence from animal models, the increase in axial length during the postnatal period in infant human eyes is believed to be modulated by active visual feedback from the hyperopic refractive error. 32 While axial length is the primary biometric component of emmetropisation in humans, there is also a passive contribution from reductions in corneal and crystalline lens power during postnatal eye growth.…”

Section: Emmetropisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32,33 More importantly, based on evidence from animal models, the increase in axial length during the postnatal period in infant human eyes is believed to be modulated by active visual feedback from the hyperopic refractive error. 32 While axial length is the primary biometric component of emmetropisation in humans, there is also a passive contribution from reductions in corneal and crystalline lens power during postnatal eye growth. 31,32,34 FDM Form-deprivation as an experimental model of myopia was first described by Wiesel and Raviola 35 in neonatal monkeys with lid fusion.…”

Section: Emmetropisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32 While axial length is the primary biometric component of emmetropisation in humans, there is also a passive contribution from reductions in corneal and crystalline lens power during postnatal eye growth. 31,32,34 FDM Form-deprivation as an experimental model of myopia was first described by Wiesel and Raviola 35 in neonatal monkeys with lid fusion. Soon after, FDM was successfully induced in tree shrews, 36 chicks, 6 and cats 37 by suturing their eyelids, and in macaque monkeys by opacifying the cornea soon after birth.…”

Section: Emmetropisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical mechanisms regulating emmetropisation and refractive errors: evidence from animal models

Chakraborty

Ostrin

Benavente-Perez

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Our current understanding of emmetropisation and myopia development has evolved from decades of work in various animal models, including chicks, non‐human primates, tree shrews, guinea pigs, and mice. Extensive research on optical, biochemical, and environmental mechanisms contributing to refractive error development in animal models has provided insights into eye growth in humans. Importantly, animal models have taught us that eye growth is locally controlled within the eye, and can be influenced by the visual environment. This review will focus on information gained from animal studies regarding the role of optical mechanisms in guiding eye growth, and how these investigations have inspired studies in humans. We will first discuss how researchers came to understand that emmetropisation is guided by visual feedback, and how this can be manipulated by form‐deprivation and lens‐induced defocus to induce refractive errors in animal models. We will then discuss various aspects of accommodation that have been implicated in refractive error development, including accommodative microfluctuations and accommodative lag. Next, the impact of higher order aberrations and peripheral defocus will be discussed. Lastly, recent evidence suggesting that the spectral and temporal properties of light influence eye growth, and how this might be leveraged to treat myopia in children, will be presented. Taken together, these findings from animal models have significantly advanced our knowledge about the optical mechanisms contributing to eye growth in humans, and will continue to contribute to the development of novel and effective treatment options for slowing myopia progression in children.

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Effects of hemiretinal form deprivation on central refractive development and posterior eye shape in chicks

2012

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We determined effects of hemiretinal form deprivation (i.e., form-depriving half of the retina) on central refractive development and posterior eye shape in chicks. Seventy-seven White Leghorn chicks were randomly assigned to receive superior (SRD, "Superior Retinal Deprivation" or inferior visual field deprivation, same principle applies for the following abbreviations, n=17), inferior (IRD, n=14), temporal (TRD, n=23) or nasal hemiretinal (NRD, n=23) form deprivation monocularly from day 5 to day 26. Central refractive errors, expressed as interocular difference in spherical equivalent (M), J0 and J45 astigmatic components, were measured using Hartinger refractometer at the beginning and weekly after treatment for 3weeks. At the end of the treatment period, eyes of a subset of birds were enucleated and eye shape profile was photographed along four different meridians. These digital images were later processed to extract axial length (AL), equatorial diameter (ED), and AL/ED. For comparison purposes, the eye shape profile was also acquired from a separate group of birds reared with monocular full-retinal form deprivation (FRD, n=10). The four hemiretinal form deprivations altered central ametropia and posterior eye shape to different degrees. The biggest contrast in M was found between SRD and IRD groups (mean±SE after 3weeks: SRD=-4.14±0.71 D vs. IRD=+1.24±0.36 D; p<0.05), whereas subtle differences in J0 and J45 components were found across the four treatment groups (both p⩽0.03). SRD group also showed significantly higher AL/ED ratio compared to IRD and NRD groups (0.76±0.05 vs. 0.74±0.07 and 0.75±0.04; both p⩽0.03). Furthermore, M was significantly correlated with AL/ED ratio in the treated eyes of hemiretinal treated chicks (r=-0.55, p<0.001). Our results suggest that mechanism regulating central ametropia can be influenced by selectively interrupting the visual experience at different parts of visual field.

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Axial Growth and Changes in Lenticular and Corneal Power during Emmetropization in Infants

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review

Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review

Optical mechanisms regulating emmetropisation and refractive errors: evidence from animal models

Effects of hemiretinal form deprivation on central refractive development and posterior eye shape in chicks

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