Axon Guidance by Gradients of a Target-Derived Component

Baier, Herwig; Bonhoeffer, Friedrich

doi:10.1126/science.1734526

Cited by 305 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…31 While many use dc/c to study chemotaxis of leukocytes, there is no consensus in the neuroscience literature; there are very few quantitative reports for growth cones that distinguish between these two gradient calculations, 15 which sometimes leads to ambiguity in the literature. 3 The linear concentration pro®le employed in this study is characterized by a homogeneous absolute concentration gradient dc/dx, but a changing fractional concentration gradient dc/c throughout the gel. Therefore, if the absolute concentration gradient is the driving force for guiding neurite outgrowth, then the response of neurites should be similar in the three areas that are under investigation; however, if the fractional concentration gradient is the driving force for guiding neurite outgrowth, then the response of neurites should be different in the three areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining the concentration gradient of nerve growth factor for guided neurite outgrowth

2001

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining the concentration gradient of nerve growth factor for guided neurite outgrowth

2001

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“…[6][7][8] Significant insight has been gained from these studies with respect to intrinsic properties of guidance molecules, [9] growth rate, and signaling cascades within the growth cone. [10] Nevertheless, neurons and astrocytes function as interdependent networks with bidirectional communication during development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Neuron/Astrocyte Co‐Culture on Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films: A Template for Studying Astrocyte‐Mediated Oxidative Stress in Neurons

Kidambi

Lee

Chan

2008

Adv Funct Materials

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We engineered patterned co-cultures of primary neurons and astrocytes on polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films without the aid of adhesive proteins/ligands to study the oxidative stress mediated by astrocytes on neuronal cells. A number of studies have explored engineering coculture of neurons and astrocytes predominantly using cell lines rather than primary cells owing to the difficulties involved in attaching primary cells onto synthetic surfaces. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of patterned co-culture of primary neurons and astrocytes for studying neuronal metabolism. In our study, we used synthetic polymers, namely poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride) (PDAC) and sulfonated poly(styrene) (SPS) as the polycation and polyanion, respectively, to build the multilayers. Primary neurons attached and spread preferentially on SPS surfaces, while primary astrocytes attached to both SPS and PDAC surfaces. SPS patterns were formed on PEM surfaces, either by microcontact printing SPS onto PDAC surfaces or vice-versa, to obtain patterns of primary neurons and patterned co-cultures of primary neurons and astrocytes. We further used the patterned co-culture system to study the neuronal response to elevated levels of free fatty acids as compared to the response in separated monoculture by measuring the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS; a widely accepted marker of oxidative stress). The elevation in the ROS levels was observed to occur earlier in the patterned co-culture system than in the separated monoculture system. The results suggest that this technique may provide a useful tool for engineering neuronal co-culture systems, that may more accurately capture neuronal function and metabolism, and thus could be used to obtain valuable

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“…Conversely, zebrafish embryos grown in the presence of RA develop into larvae with eyes that appear duplicated along the dorsoventral axis (14,15). These data support a role for ALDHs in retinal compartmentalization and patterning and suggest that RA may serve as a position-specific tag involved in guiding retinal axons to their correct targets in the brain (12,16,17). Because ALDH1 is expressed at early stages of retinal development, prior to axon formation, asymmetry in RA levels may be required to mark the different axes of the retina and to form the basis for retinotectal organization, as previously suggested for some Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands (18,19).…”

Section: From the Department Of Oncology University Of Alberta And Cmentioning

confidence: 64%

Differential Regulation of the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Gene in Embryonic Chick Retina and Liver

Godbout

Monckton

2001

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1) is highly expressed in the dorsal cells of the undifferentiated retina, where it has been proposed to play a role in the formation of a retinoic acid gradient along the ventrodorsal axis. In contrast to the retina, ALDH1 levels increase with differentiation in the liver and remain elevated in the adult tissue. To understand the molecular basis for differential expression of ALDH1 during development, we characterized the ALDH1 transcripts expressed in chick retina and liver. By sequencing, primer extension, and S1 nuclease analysis, we show that retina ALDH1 mRNA has an additional 300 nucleotides of 5-untranslated sequence resulting from the transcription of two 5 noncoding exons. There is a 24 -29-kilobase pair (kb) gap between exons 1 and 2 and a 290-base pair gap between exons 2 and 3. Exon 3, which contains the ALDH1 start codon, represents the first exon of the liver transcript. Using a reporter gene assay, we have identified tissuespecific regulatory elements that govern ALDH1 expression in primary retina and liver cultures. Constructs with >1.6 kb of DNA flanking the 5-end of exon 1 showed elevated activity in retinal cultures but only basal activity in liver cultures. In contrast, constructs with <1 kb of 5-flanking DNA were active in both retina and liver cultures. Our results suggest that an important mechanism for the control of ALDH1 transcriptional activity is through the presence of inhibitory elements located 0.7-1.6 kb upstream of the ALDH1 gene. DNase I footprint analysis reveal four sites of protein-DNA interaction within this region, one of which is specific to the liver and corresponds to a NF-B/Rel binding site.

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Axon Guidance by Gradients of a Target-Derived Component

Cited by 305 publications

References 29 publications

Defining the concentration gradient of nerve growth factor for guided neurite outgrowth

Defining the concentration gradient of nerve growth factor for guided neurite outgrowth

Primary Neuron/Astrocyte Co‐Culture on Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films: A Template for Studying Astrocyte‐Mediated Oxidative Stress in Neurons

Differential Regulation of the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Gene in Embryonic Chick Retina and Liver

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